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The Ancient History of China: The Failure of Korean Political Reform
Hello, Bian Xiao. Today, I'd like to introduce the Korean reform in Shen Buhai. In the eighth year of Han Zhaohou, in 355 BC, Shen Buhai carried out political reform in South Korea, which lasted 15 years. The actual content of Shen Buhai's political reform is not as clear as Wu Qi's Chu political reform in the sea of historical materials. Most of the preserved historical materials focus on the handling of Shen Buhai. The actual system it implements is only the most general statement. Even so, combined with some historical materials and based on the commonness of the reforms during the Warring States period, we can at least draw the following conclusions: First, Shen Buhai became the prime minister of South Korea, which basically took full power to reform, lasting 15 years.

Secondly, the reform reduced aristocratic fiefdoms and curbed aristocratic fiefdoms, but did not ban the fiefdoms system. Third, a large number of laws were promulgated one after another, and the rule of law was initially implemented, which eliminated social chaos to a certain extent, helped to give play to the enthusiasm of social production, and made the economy develop greatly. However, because the old laws of Jin State were not completely abolished in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the previous laws of South Korea were not cleaned up, the former laws and the latter laws were staggered and confused. In other words, Shen Buhai's Korean Reform never established a stable and effective legal system. Fourth, South Korea established a relatively strong army in the political reform and built the Great Wall of Korea, which laid a certain position of strength. At the same time, South Korea's weapons manufacturing industry developed greatly during the period of political reform, and was once ahead of other vassal countries. In the foreign wars during Han Zhaohou's period, South Korea once defeated the attack of Qin State, and defeated the Qi, Wei and Song allied forces together with Wei State, and once won the reputation of "Kim".

Fifthly, Han Zhaohou accepted Shen Buhai's theory of "magic" and controlled his men by political means, thus achieving a certain level of honest and upright effect. However, the implementation of artistic rule has also plunged Korean politics into the abyss of conspiracy, leaving a great historical legacy. Shen Buhai's political reform was aborted in the great powers' war. In 342 BC, only one great war changed the historical destiny of South Korea. This year is the 20th year of Han Zhaohou and the13rd year of Korean political reform. This year, the contradiction of Sanjin Group was fierce, and the super-powerful Wei State began to attack South Korea on a large scale. Sanjin Group, in Wei Wenhou and Wei Wuhou in the early Warring States period, still maintained a relatively stable alliance, with many joint operations and a high probability of victory. Without such a stable alliance, it is almost impossible for South Korea to annex Zheng in the Wei Wuhou era. Although Zheng, which was adjacent to South Korea at that time, was not a big country with vast territory and abundant resources, it was still very influential in the early Warring States because it was always ahead of the reform trend in the Spring and Autumn Period, with the imperial history of the overlord of the Central Plains, the world-famous sub-product revolution and the civilized elegance known as the "wind of Zheng Wei".

If we compare the contemporary world with that era, Zheng's position at the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is similar to that of France in Europe. Without the support of the alliance group, especially the strong support of the super Wei State, it is unthinkable to annex such a civilized country. According to the situation in the early Warring States period, Zheng was most scheming about Chu. Chu has attacked Zheng several times; However, due to the repeated rescue and sniper of Sanjin Group, the purpose of destroying Zheng of Chu State has never been achieved. In this context, South Korea destroyed Zheng and moved its capital. It is not difficult to see the profoundness and durability of the alliance between Wei, Zhao and Han Sanjin Group with Wei as the axis. However, during the political reform in South Korea, the alliance of Sanjin Group has undergone unexpected changes. At this time, both the king of Chu and Wuqi died, and the threat of Chu to the Central Plains was reduced. Those who destroyed Zheng also died, and the strength of South Korea also increased. At this time, the shrewd and heroic Wei Wuhou also died, and a violent coup took place in the powerful state of Wei: Wei Wuhou's two sons, Gongzi, slowly launched a civil war with Gongzi for political power.

At the same time, Zhao and Han, adhering to the tradition of mutual assistance among the three Jin dynasties, intervened in the whirlpool of Wei's power struggle, supported Hou Zhangzi's son to succeed to the throne, and secretly helped him to slow down the work of clearing the group in the form of later aid. However, Han and Zhao did not expect that this Gongziqing was brilliant, supported by aristocratic strength, and even defeated Gongziqing Group in the civil war and became a monarch. Childe, is the later Wei Huiwang. This Wei Huiwang is very talented, but he has no brains. Obviously, he doesn't have the strength of the Warring States. The lack of support from North Korea and Zhao made me deeply dissatisfied. As a result, Wei began to provoke Zhao and Han, and the Sanjin Group began a continuous dispute. In the fourth year of Wei Huiwang's accession to the throne, he began to deal with personal grievances after generally dealing with internal affairs.

For the first time, Han was invited to a meeting (now Zhengzhou North, Henan Province). Historical materials do not record the content of the conversation. However, according to the later development, it can be completely presumed that Wei Huiwang warned and subdued South Korea and demanded some compensation from South Korea. However, South Korea did not accept it, and the alliance ended without results. In the second operation, Wei Huiwang immediately sent troops to attack North Korea the following year. But lost to South Korea in Puyang. In the next two years, Wei Guolian was captured by Qin Xiangong's army. Due to Zhao's invasion, Wei was able to breathe. During this period, South Korea remained indifferent to Wei's war crisis and did not send troops to rescue it. In the eight years of Wei Huiwang, Wei survived the crisis of fighting Qin, and took advantage of the fact that Han Zhaohou, the new king of South Korea, had just acceded to the throne, and attacked North Korea with his uncle Cuo as the commander in chief. South Korea joined forces with Zhao to resist, but was defeated by Wei Jun on the north bank of Huishui. Later, Wei took the opportunity to capture Zhao's prison, which is the Yicheng area in Shanxi today. As a result, the solid alliance between Sanjin was officially broken. Since then, the Sanjin alliance, although accompanied by mutual attacks and criticisms, has been held, but it is only a negotiation of splitting interests, and there is no common basis anymore.

In the 16th and 17th years of Wei Huiwang, the state of Wei, with Pang Juan as the commander-in-chief, attacked Zhao continuously, and surrounded Handan twice, so Zhao was in jeopardy. However, when Zhao attacked Handan for the second time, Qi was surrounded. Qi unified the army with Tian Ji and Sun Bin, and implemented the ingenious plan of "encircling Wei to save Zhao", which defeated Wei Guiling (now Heze area of Shandong Province) and caused heavy losses to Wei Jun. In the third year after the war, that is, 35 1 year BC, Wei, who was already weak, began to reconcile with Zhao, returned the land occupied by Zhao, reached a temporary compromise Covenant, and Sanjin was calm for a period of time. During this period, South Korea appointed Shen Buhai to promote political reform, and its national strength began to grow. In the ninth year after the Battle of Guiling, that is, in 342 BC, the Wei-Han War finally broke out: Xinzheng, the capital of South Korea, fully resisted and fought fiercely with Wei Jun for a long time; Qi sent troops the following year, using the old method of "encircling Wei to save Zhao" to implement "encircling Wei to save Korea"; Wei Jun gave up attacking Korea and returned to the army to save the girders; The Qi army lured Wei Jun to pursue, ambushed and defeated Wei Jun, and killed Pang Juan, commander-in-chief of Wei Jun, on Maling Island Mountain.

There are two outcomes of this war: one is the decline of Wei's hegemony; Second, South Korea's political reform aborted. According to the vague records in Historical Records and the textual research of later historians, Shen Buhai stopped leading the government two years after the war and died six years after the war. There is no record of his deeds here. Han Zhaohou died in the tenth year after the war. During the ten years from defeat to death, nothing was accomplished. Since then, South Korea's history has been devastated, there has never been any reform, and there has never been much cheering. In other words, South Korea's political reform failed to stand the test of the war storm, and the monarch and political reform minister after the war actually failed completely. The historical fate of South Korea's political reform fully shows us the cruelty of political reform in wartime, and also fully shows us the fragility of national strength caused by the infiltration of political reform practice. In the history of political reform in the Warring States period, South Korea's political reform is not so much a historical experience of wartime political reform as a painful lesson from the practice of "technical governance".