The well-field system implemented in the Western Zhou Dynasty was the economic foundation of slave society, and it was a state-owned land system (in fact, the land of the Zhou Emperor was private). It stipulates that all land belongs to Zhou Wang; It shall be enjoyed by Tian chieftain from generation to generation and shall not be transferred for sale; Pay tribute to the king of Zhou; Slaves working collectively in mining areas.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi's "decreasing land expropriation" was based on the quantity and quality of land, while Lu's "initial tax mu" was based on mu. They no longer distinguish between public land and private land, which promotes the transformation of land from state-owned to private.

During the Warring States period, Shang Yang reformed in Qin, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, and rewarding agriculture and weaving. Abolish the well field system and establish the private ownership of land in legal form.

2. Qin and Han Dynasties: The Qin Dynasty began to implement private ownership of land and paid taxes in mu units; At that time, land annexation was serious, and farmers were burdened with heavy corvee and heavy taxes. The household registration system was implemented in the Western Han Dynasty, and those who were formally incorporated into the government household registration (household registration) assumed taxes, corvees and military service according to their assets.

3. Sui and Tang Dynasties: the system of land equalization was implemented (the land controlled by the state was only distributed according to population), which was the economic basis of the system of officers and men and the system of tenancy adjustment. Tenancy system was implemented in Sui Dynasty and early Tang Dynasty. At the age of 50, farmers in Sui Dynasty were allowed to take silk service. In the Tang dynasty, "rent" means that adult men pay grain to the government, "use" means taking silk or cloth as a service, and "adjustment" means paying a fixed amount of silk or cloth every year.

In the late Tang Dynasty, due to the prevalence of land annexation, the land equalization system could not be implemented, the rent adjustment system could not be maintained, and the national fiscal revenue was greatly reduced. Tang Dezong has two tax laws, namely, two collection standards (assets and fields) and two tax payment times (summer and autumn). Its significance lies in: unifying the tax system and ensuring the national finance; Changing population priority and relaxing personal control; Expand tax sources, increase income and reduce the burden; This is a major reform of the feudal tax system. The defects are: land merger is getting more and more serious; Taxes are passed on to farmers; Plus a lot of exorbitant taxes.

4. Song and Yuan Dynasties: At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, transshipment ambassadors were set up in various roads, stipulating that most local taxes were turned over to the central government, eliminating the material basis of local separatism; The central government has three secretaries in charge of fiscal revenue. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the annexation was not restrained, and the land annexation was serious. The financial management measures of Wang Anshi's political reform include: young crops method, raising service method (replacing service with money), land tax method, farmland water conservancy method and market easy method.

5. Ming and Qing Dynasties:

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the local government set up a chief secretary to be responsible for local civil affairs and finance. In Ming Shenzong, a "one-whip method" was implemented: a variety of taxes were combined and converted into silver, which was shared by service silver and people and fields. Significance: reduce the burden on farmers and relax the dependence relationship; Adapt to the commodity economy.

At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Kangxi practiced "changing the name of the field" and fixing the number of people, while Yong Zhengdi practiced "spreading the land into acres" and levied unified Dingding silver. Significance: the poll tax is completely abolished, and personal control is more relaxed; Promote agricultural development.

6. At the beginning of semi-colonial and semi-enclosure: In terms of land, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's "China Land System" was based on the principles of "all fields are cultivated, and all people are cultivated together" and "uneven everywhere", and land was evenly distributed according to population and age (private ownership of land.

7. During the bourgeois democratic revolution: The political platform of the League (Three People's Principles) includes "equal land rights" (people's livelihood principle), which stipulates that the existing land price belongs to the original owner and the increased land price belongs to the state (the seller becomes a capitalist, the buyer becomes a capitalist, and the state finance is guaranteed). This is a capitalist land plan.

8. Ten-year confrontation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party: The agrarian revolutionary line in the revolutionary base areas stipulates that relying on poor peasants and farm labourers, uniting with middle peasants, restricting rich peasants, protecting small and medium-sized enterprises, eliminating the landlord class and changing feudal and semi-feudal land ownership into farmers' land ownership.

9. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period: Land policy in the anti-Japanese base areas: landlords reduced rents and interest rates, and farmers paid rents and interest rates.

In the enemy-occupied areas, the Japanese invaders occupied a large amount of cultivated land, which was used to build roads, block ditches, build airports, or distributed to Japanese immigrants.

10, during the war of liberation: land reform in the liberated areas, according to the outline of China land law 1947, the land of landlords was confiscated, feudal exploitation was abolished, land was distributed to the tillers, and the rural population was equally divided. The general line of land reform in the liberated areas is to rely on poor farm labourers, unite with middle peasants, eliminate feudal exploitation and develop agricultural production.

1 1. Transition period to socialism: land reform in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China. The Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China stipulates the abolition of feudal land ownership and the implementation of peasant-class land ownership.

From 1953 to 1956, the socialist transformation of agriculture (agricultural cooperation) was carried out, and the transformation from private ownership to public ownership of means of production was completed.

12. Exploration period of socialist construction: People's commune movement is characterized by "one big and two big" (large scale, high degree of public ownership) and "one level and two tones" (absolute average distribution, free use of public and private property). "Left" errors marked by high indicators, reckless command, grandiose style and "communist style" are rampant.

13, the new era of socialist construction: the reform of rural economic system, first of all, the trial of agricultural production responsibility system in Anhui and Sichuan, and finally the formation of household contract responsibility system as the main form (separation of land ownership and management rights), the development of township enterprises and non-agricultural industries, so that rural reform will develop in the direction of specialization, commercialization and socialization

14, at the beginning of this century: improve the content of agricultural science and technology, develop high-quality and efficient agriculture, implement ecological projects such as returning farmland to forests and grasslands, returning farmland to lakes, cancel agricultural taxes, and implement rural subsistence allowances and rural cooperative medical care. The rural economy is developing in a more healthy and orderly direction.