(1) Mentality: As the saying goes, study should be persistent, and opportunities are for people with confidence. After reading your writing, I think you have a fear of history. In fact, the most taboo in studying history is fear. You should think differently. As the saying goes, taking history as a mirror, the purpose of learning history is to improve one's self-cultivation. By studying what happened to the ancients, one can realize some objective developments, so as not to repeat the same mistakes. This is the significance of studying history. Therefore, people who study history must be open-minded and not afraid of hardship (so should geography. The significance of learning geography lies in expanding their logical thinking and spatial thinking.
(2) Methods: Many students are not good at geography and history. This is not that they are more stupid than others, nor that they are less diligent than others, but that they have not mastered good learning methods. Therefore, I offer the following methods of learning history for the landlord to use.
(A) Analysis of historical roots, development routes, significance and other solutions: the economic base determines the superstructure. When studying a historical event, the first thing that comes to mind is economy, because economic development can promote the development of politics and ideas, such as the modern history of the world, and the capitalist economy has developed to a certain extent, thus improving people's ideological consciousness and starting the Renaissance Movement. And the development of thought provided a series of theories for politics, so under the premise of capitalist economic development, the bourgeoisie began to grow, so they urgently needed to master political power, which led to the British bourgeois revolution and established the first capitalist country with constitutional monarchy as its basic system. In this way, taking the economy as a clue, major historical events can be interspersed. There are the following unclear reasons for your answer, but it is more difficult for you.
Root cause: It must be related to economy or land. For example, the root cause of the Opium War is that the natural economy is dominant, which is not suitable for China's national conditions.
The main reason: it is often the most important aspect, which is the main contradiction according to political philosophy. For example, the main reason of the First World War was the intensification of the contradiction between Britain and Germany.
Direct cause: Direct cause is often the most direct cause, generally referring to fuses and events. For example, the direct cause of the First World War was the Sarajevo incident, and the direct cause of the Sino-Japanese War was the Korean East Learning Party Uprising.
In addition, when looking at the development route, don't limit yourself to the content of this course, such as the modern history of China. According to the current high school textbooks, each class hour is arranged according to a certain main line, and the horizontal line is arranged in chronological order. The vertical line of modern history is the speed at which China became semi-colonial, semi-feudal and capitalist. The struggle of China people is the main line, and modern history is the pace of socialist construction in China. However, the modern history of the world is different. His arrangement is entirely in accordance with the two main lines of capitalist development and proletarian growth, not in accordance with the time. This is a very troublesome place. The ancient history of China is completely arranged according to time. Each chapter introduces politics, economy and culture, which is relatively easy to master. Having said that, the most important thing is nothing more than one thing: when studying history class, don't just focus on it, but combine this unit with this textbook.
(2) Memory of time: This is the biggest headache for everyone to learn history. Like memorizing words, everyone finds this thing difficult to remember. Remember this time and forget that time. In fact, memorizing time is also skillful. Everyone may like to watch a historical event first and then memorize it. Come on, it's hard to remember. In fact, it is very easy to make a timeline. You can remember events according to time. So that the brain won't explode, and I remember it clearly. Of course, the second method is to record the time according to the main line, such as the modern history of the world, what happened in the capitalist workshop handicraft period, and then lock the time, what happened after the industrial revolution, and lock the time according to the scope, so that it is easy to remember.
Some brothers recite history books every day, but their exam results are not ideal. I disagree with their methods. In fact, history does not need to be memorized. You just have to follow the main line to remember.
When class is over, or when you are resting, you can naturally flip through, pass by, and so on.
2. How to study history? I study history myself and have a set of methods. I don't know if it suits you.
History should be memorized, but it should be skillful. At ordinary times, we should summarize the knowledge points and list them in a tree diagram. Recite the main knowledge first, and then recite the branches when you are familiar with it. You must recite it every day. You should read books whenever you have time. If you read too much, you will naturally feel something. Remember what you recited that day before going to bed at night, and read the book the next day if you can't remember it.
But don't learn by rote, or you will hate history. In addition, rote memorization also has many disadvantages, such as being laborious and thankless, getting twice the result with half the effort, memorizing for a long time and not remembering much. Second, it is inaccurate and easy to be confused. The concept or principle is fragmented and incomplete.
Third, it is difficult to remember and easy to forget. It takes a lot of effort to remember things, and it won't take long to forget them completely. Therefore, history should be remembered on the basis of understanding, and rote memorization should be avoided.
Why study history? The words and deeds of people who lived in the past will be recorded, which is history in a broad sense. But history is by no means a simple question of what someone did in a certain place in a certain month. We have to face life, illness and death, and there are still many problems to be solved in politics, economy, culture, science and life. When we are at a loss, we can refer to the experience of our ancestors, see how they did it, and study why they did it at that time and used that way in the same situation. Successful people can learn from it, while unsuccessful people can learn from it, and add an avoidance when treating themselves. For example, building a car, after a local car was built, the latecomers took him as the prototype and constantly imitated and improved it, which led to today's excellent car. If the previous experience is not preserved and recorded, every generation in the future will keep repeating the process of inventing the first car.
At the same time, reading history, combined with their own practical experience, can have their own ideological and moral standards, can think from multiple angles. Instead of simply believing what TV, newspapers and the Internet say. You can objectively analyze and judge a thing according to your own standards, instead of simply thinking that it is good or bad.
I hope what I said can help you.
4. What is the purpose of studying history? Someone took the Three Kingdoms and the so-called official history for a year, two years and three years, studied it repeatedly, and then posted it or logged into the forum? It turned out to be specially used to scold the ancients. Is this "history" learned for nothing? Where did they learn the spirit from the history books? They study history to scold Zhuge Liang, Zhao Yun, Cao Cao, Guan Yu and ridicule the ancients. So I think these people are far less than friends who insist on liking and learning from their heroes.
By the way, I used to be like this. I am full of energy and sharp thinking, and I debate history with people everywhere. In fact, this is a debate at best. At worst, we are talking nonsense. We are guilty and meaningless. "karma" has accumulated a lot since then. ...
Now most people, including me, no longer ask themselves the question "What is the purpose of studying history" before reading history. But I have been trying to correct myself and change my view of history. At least now I have realized that reading history is not to fight with others, nor to show off how rich and great my knowledge is to beautiful women, and so on. I am reading the history of historiography now, and I have set myself several ultimate goals, which can be simply summarized as several words:
between right and wrong
Correct (correct)
Ming (Ming "Wisdom")
Know (know "Tao")
Besides, there is no need for the landlord to be angry. In fact, many friends who like to tell people about history and correct their historical concepts are not necessarily malicious or self-righteous. They probably thought that we were all poor and wanted to invite us to dinner because we were dressed too simply, but they just pointed to the food poster posted on the window of the restaurant and invited us to dinner.
The above is sheer nonsense, personal perception. Experts are welcome to refute, but abuse and slapping bricks are not welcome.
5. How to study history What I want to say about history is that the key lies in peacetime, and it is useless to cram temporarily.
Especially for the students who take the small comprehensive test or the big comprehensive test, the usual foundation is the key to winning or losing. I have suffered such losses myself.
Wei Xie, who teaches me history, is a very serious and good teacher. His class seems to have a kind of magic, which can attract you tightly. The long river of history seems to be close to us at once under his explanation.
More importantly, he can always guide us to think about the relationship and essence behind them through complicated historical phenomena. This is the most important way to learn history.
Under his guidance, I successfully studied history in my freshman year. Maybe I was carried away by the victory. Senior two began to be lazy and no longer paid attention to mastering the basic knowledge in time.
I just memorized it temporarily before the exam. I didn't realize how stupid I was until I reviewed in the third semester of senior three.
Because of my solid basic knowledge, I can recall all the contents effortlessly. And even if you read the text of Grade Two for several times, you may still forget it.
Only then did I know why the teacher always asked us to "focus on the foundation and peace". ? The study of history in high school is completely different from that in junior high school, and rote learning can't solve the problem.
What high school history needs more is understanding. It is best to review once a week and once a month.
When reviewing, the key is to read books repeatedly and improve in repetition. Books are the most fundamental.
It is unrealistic to talk without books. ? When reading the contents of each section, we should think about what happened before and after a historical event, whether there is any internal connection between them, and what historical truth can be explained.
Historical events can also be compared horizontally and vertically. For example, what are the similarities and differences between two coups or two policies? Why are there such similarities and differences? What does it mean?
It is also very simple to analyze similarities and differences, which is nothing more than thinking from several fixed plates such as background, nature and influence. Some books say that history should be studied in three dimensions.
I think the so-called "three-dimensional" is probably the connection between horizontal and vertical. If we often think like this, we can analyze the essence of different historical phenomena more accurately and solve any problems we encounter.
This is a problem that should be paid attention to when reading. Books are more than just reading. It's no use remembering some times, places and events. The most important thing is to learn to think and study with historical thinking and explore what is behind the incident.
I believe you will soon find that the more you read, the more interesting you will be. ? Secondly, it is of course very important to do the questions.
The process of doing the problem is actually a process of review and reflection. Nowadays, there are few historical questions that simply test knowledge itself.
This is usually a test of your analysis of an event. This requires the use of the set of kung fu accumulated during reading, and there are also some skills.
For example, when doing multiple-choice questions, we often encounter some problems such as "root" and "essence", which are usually analyzed from the aspects of productivity determining production relations and economic base determining superstructure. As long as there are options about these aspects, they are generally correct.
In my opinion, the questions of "direct" and "indirect" are actually very simple. When you answer "direct", you can make your thinking simpler. You will be what you thought at first, and you don't have to turn any corners at all.
Everything except "direct" can be safely classified as "indirect". ? As for the question and answer, you need your thinking and analytical skills.
Don't expect the questions on the test paper to be what you have seen before, let alone bother to recite a certain question. As long as you master the method, the questions and answers are easy to solve. The first is analysis.
Try to think about this problem from more angles by recalling the teacher's introduction when he talked about this part. Don't worry about thinking too much, as long as you think it makes sense, it may be right.
What's more, the current exam has repeatedly stressed that "students should be encouraged to play freely, be brave in innovation and have their own opinions", so you should think as much as possible. ? The second is expression.
It is best to elaborate one by one and write one or two lines at a time. The key is to write down the main points, because when marking papers, the main points are also distributed, and too much is written. It takes several times to finish a key point, which will not only take the lead, but also make the teacher deduct points because he can't find the key point and waste a lot of time, so that he can't finish the paper. Another skill in dividing articles is to decide how many articles to divide according to a given score.
Generally, one point is two to three points. If a question is eight points, it is likely that it has four points. This method can effectively reduce the possibility of missing answers. Even if you really can't think of anything else to answer, try to fill in the calculated figures.
At the same time, pay attention to the sequence number. If big dots and small dots are marked with different serial numbers, they will be clear and logical, and it is not easy to lose points.
Finally, the handwriting must be neat. Think about it, a teacher has to correct so many papers in such a short time. If the handwriting is scrawled, which marking teacher will give you a high score in a good mood? Finally, communicating with teachers and classmates is also very helpful for learning history.
No matter how careful a person is, there will be negligence. By exchanging notes with classmates and discussing exercises with teachers, there are often many unexpected gains. You can also read magazines like History Learning, learn things that are not in textbooks, and improve the depth and breadth of thinking, which is very helpful to solve problems.
Try to spend one or two hours in history class every day in the next semester of senior three. Because history has a feature that is easily forgotten.
What you remember today is likely to be forgotten the next day. Therefore, reviewing history should pay more attention to planning.
In addition to keeping up with the teacher's review progress, we should also have our own plans, set a timetable for ourselves, review what content at what time, pay attention to science and rationality, and ensure that it can be completed on time. Can be done on two lines at the same time.
One is the teacher's and the other is your own. For example, when the teacher is reviewing the world history, you can also look at the history of China while mastering the world history.
Not only did I remember more contents, but it was also conducive to the comparison between China and foreign countries, which gave me a general grasp of the three-year history knowledge of senior high school, and the effect was several times better than that of reviewing world history alone.
6. Why study history? If recording and writing history is a profession and a social need, then why should we ordinary people who have no professional relationship with history study history?
Many people will ask this question. General Robert Lee in the American Civil War said: In a short life, what people see is mostly suffering and pain, meanness and disappointment. In order to maintain confidence in human nature and the future of mankind, we must read history.
Only when reading history, can you experience hundreds or thousands of years between pages, can you make progress and improve, and can you be glad that you are living at this moment.
Historian mcnair said: History is people's collective memory, and collective memory is necessary for collective self-cognition. If a person has no memory, then no matter how clever he is, he can't know who he is, what environment he is in and what relationship he has with others. Similarly, a human group, without collective memory, cannot know what this group is, what environment it is in, and what relationship it has with other groups.
Liang Heng said in "The Realm of Life": "When the level of knowledge is too low, it is impossible to logically see the difference between nonsense and truth". "Theory is gray, but the tree of life is evergreen." Maybe we can say: "History is gray, but the tree of life is evergreen." Only by reading history can we become wise and make our minds more stable.
7. What is the concept of historical typology? In the practice and theory of parallel research, there is also a very important branch-historical typology, which focuses on comparing and identifying the similarities and differences between various historical phenomena and explaining them historically, mainly advocated by Russian comparative literature scholars.
"In the absence of direct mutual influence and contact, this relatively general or specific similarity feature is called similarity or similarity in historical typology." Historical typology is different from analogies in influence studies and parallel studies, because it pays attention to the development of social history and the characteristics as the historical law of literature, so it can be said that it embodies the methods and concepts of history more.
There are many similar literary phenomena among different nationalities in the world, such as the similarity of ideas, images, plots, literary themes and poetic styles in romantic works. This similarity must be related to a specific social and historical stage.
The works of Wordsworth, Byron, Keats, elizabeth barret browning and Baudelaire are all related to the conflict between the representative personality in the historical transition period and modern society. Historical type refers to the common and repetitive things in different cultural systems in a certain historical stage, that is, the common representative of type.
Zhirmunski, a Russian scholar of comparative literature, based on the Marxist concept of world historical development, put forward the view that the development stages and conditions of literature and history correspond to each other from the perspective of establishing a whole literature: "We can and should compare similar literary phenomena in the same social and historical development stage, although these phenomena are not directly related to each other." The phenomenon of literary similarity in comparative literature research is obvious to all.
This similar literary phenomenon may cover all kinds of more substantive relations, rather than superficial factual relations. Induce them to become the same or different phenomena, and establish kinship with history, thus forming a genre common system in literary works.
At this point, historical typology embodies the characteristics of social and historical criticism. It holds that "any literary influence is related to the social changes of borrowed images." The so-called social change refers to the creative transformation and adaptation of social conditions that become the premise of mutual influence, the adaptation of national life and national personality characteristics at a certain stage of social development, the adaptation of national literary traditions, and the ideological and artistic uniqueness of borrowed writers' creative personality.
"The wide application of historical typology can be used to study many literary phenomena. Igor's expedition is between ancient Scandinavian epics, German and Czech epics and ancient Yugoslav songs. Or between Igor's Expedition and the German heroic epic Song of Nibelungen, between the French heroic epic Sid, between the German heroic epic Walter Julius and the Tiger Knight, we can show some similarities in thought and art of these epic works through the study of historical typology, and their close relationship with the writer's creative activities and typical social environment.
Similarly, the comparison between the structures of literary works can also be carried out by historical typology. Because literary structure is also a phenomenon in historical development, from a historical point of view, it is a relatively stable and important link in the inheritance relationship of the times.
Since literary structure is inseparable from social and national characteristics, ethics and aesthetic values, it is inseparable from the relationship with the times. In this regard, Real once said: "... in all kinds of extremely different types of generalizations, similar, common and similar things are not explained by the direct opposition of individual and local things, but by their internal relations.
"The concept of parallel research, parallel research, refers to the comparative study of literary phenomena of different nationalities, countries and regions without factual connection, that is, there is no sequential causality, only parallel interrelationships. This parallel relationship comes from the aesthetic characteristics or forms of literature. For example, literature cares about the goodness and beauty of human nature, sympathizes with the weak, praises life, is full of imagination and emotion, and relies on the expressive force of written language, and so on.
Because it is no longer limited to facts, parallel research focuses on the distant echo and harmonious resonance of literary aesthetic processes, means, methods and crystals of different countries and nationalities. These literary phenomena, which echo each other from a distance and resonate harmoniously, may occur at the same time, or there may be a time gap due to the difference of cultural development, but in the end, it shows that "the world is integrated with literature and mind" (Qian Zhongshu's words).
8. How to study history? History belongs to the category of liberal arts, and most of the contents need to be memorized, but the memory of words has been greatly weakened after the open-book exam. Some people think, "that's great, you can copy it publicly!" " "In fact, as long as people who have passed the exam once know that the exam is more difficult! The examination has improved the understanding and flexible application ability of historical events. So the open-book exam is just a cover! This makes it more difficult for us. We are not interested in history. What can we do now? I don't want to say anything about interest, everyone has their own interests! But it is precisely because people are unwilling to study and study history that the country needs such talents more. Things are rare! Therefore, the "outlet" for learning history will not be narrow. What a surprise!
I can introduce several methods to you: first, how hard you work! It is important to work hard. This is why some good students don't like studying history, but their grades are just as good! Second, it is a little left opportunism, which is "comparing"! It is to distinguish the commonality and individuality of historical events with similar themes or the same theme and pattern. (For example, what is the difference between the northern expedition of Nanjing nationals and the northern expedition of Guangzhou nationals? Of course, sometimes don't be too rigid. It is unnecessary and ineffective to compare them mechanically.
Different people have different understandings of things, so the understanding of historical events can be said to be a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend! This is very similar to Chinese. By the way, another important part of answering history questions is that your literary talent is good! The same language foundation will be good. As the saying goes, "benevolent people have different opinions, and wise people have different opinions." . Therefore, we should learn from the strengths of many experts (referring to reading more history books), draw useful lessons, form our own views (the college entrance examination will add points), and then "compare". You will find that your analytical ability is enhanced and you can see the problem more deeply.
It also needs interdisciplinary integration, especially with politics and geography, and increases vertical comparison and horizontal comparison. As long as you are diligent, even if you are not interested, you will be interested in the learning process and deepen your understanding of history, so you can produce results.
There is a way, but it belongs to others. Sometimes it's not suitable for you, so it's more important to sum up experience and lessons in your study and find a learning method that suits you. Then the learning problems of other disciplines will be solved. Well, the road is your own, just remember: "Many good things grind."
9. What's the use of studying history? Why study history? I think we can look at it from two angles: from the perspective of the role of history, there are two main points: 1. Take history as a mirror to guide the future, 2. Enhance national self-esteem and self-confidence; From the perspective of the beneficiaries of history, it can be divided into micro and macro levels, one is the role of history on individuals and enterprises, and the other is the role of history on the country.
Let's learn from history and guide the future. From the most utilitarian point of view, MBA teaching should be well deserved. MBA students study to earn more money in the future, which should be the most pragmatic. So what do they study? Ford, Taylor, Ichiro Honda and Dell, whose family history is far or near, are not classic cases of courses such as marketing and human resource management? It is important for people to learn from daily life, but if someone can preserve, sort out and refine it and then spread the essence to the whole world, the effect will be greatly improved.
History is actually the experience and lessons of predecessors. If it is handled well and used by us, no matter individuals, enterprises or countries, it will certainly benefit endlessly. Of course, many friends here mentioned the artificiality of historical research.
For this problem, I think from the perspective of personal use history, teachers should consciously cultivate students' independent thinking ability, especially for subjective things, they should pay more attention to the process of analysis rather than the result. For example, Zeng Guofan, you said he was a bad guy, but he said he was a good guy. What's the point? He is not my neighbor, and he will not give me money or shave my head. It doesn't matter whether he is a good person or a bad person. The key is to see where his words and deeds are good and bad.
Why say yes, why not? What is worth learning and learning from? Get rid of its dross and take its essence. This is the purpose of our research. Besides, enhance national self-esteem and self-confidence.
Personally, we should not simply be proud that we were born in China. Because people are actually equal, China has a splendid history of thousands of years, which was created by our ancestors. It doesn't mean that our generation is from China, so we are superior to others, and it doesn't mean that we are smarter and more capable than others.
Learning our history is by no means for us to show off to others. But we also have something to be proud of. We should be proud of our hardworking and intelligent ancestors and have the confidence to create a more brilliant tomorrow for ourselves. Be proud of our country and love it from the bottom of your heart.
From the point of view that the country uses history as a tool, it is necessary for the country to instill history into all citizens in order to enhance people's sense of belonging, honor and overall cohesion. Only in this way can the country develop better and faster, which is why many things have no guiding significance for our future life. We still need to protect and explore them, because these are our common historical origins as China people and a solid foundation for maintaining our relationship and enhancing our mutual recognition. In addition, from the strategic perspective of the survival and development of the whole country, we study history to understand our neighbors and the world we live in.
If you go deeper, you will understand the meaning of "reading history can make you understand the rise and fall", and you will no longer attribute the success or failure of the rise and fall to despicable or great people like the world, and you will also understand that such a thing as "femme fatale" is even more absurd. When you learn to look at problems from a historical perspective, you will see them more truly and deeply than others.
Studying history is to let us know about our own past and human past, and draw lessons from it. You know, people who forget the past are doomed to make the same mistake again. Studying history and learning from people in history can help us avoid many detours, and perhaps, problems that have been bothering us for a long time will be solved.
In short, studying history is to make you smarter and wiser.