I. History of the Han Dynasty

The Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) was divided into the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty due to different capitals. The founding emperor of the Western Han Dynasty was Liu Bang. (now Pei County, Jiangsu Province) Because the capital Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province) is in the west of Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it is called the Western Han Dynasty. There were 14 emperors in the Western Han Dynasty, including Lv Hou and Liu He, the king of Changyi. Liu Xuan, the king of Huaiyang, was strangled after the defeat. There are also the capitals of the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, collectively referred to as the two capitals. It was a powerful unified empire after the Qin Dynasty. The Han Dynasty was called "Han Yan". Because the emperor's surname is Liu, it is also called "Liu Han". In the first 202 years, great-grandfather Liu Bangjian made Chang 'an, the capital of Han Dynasty. After the rule of Wenjing, Emperor Wudi further promoted the cause of reunification.

In 9 AD, Wang Mang usurped power and the Western Han Dynasty ended. In 25 years, Liu Xiu proclaimed himself emperor, established the Eastern Han Dynasty, and made Luoyang its capital. Created Guangwu revival and Zhang Ming's rule, and all countries came to Korea. During the Han Dynasty, many people listed the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire in Europe as the most advanced civilization and the most powerful empire in the world at that time. At the peak of its territory, it was due north to Wuyuan County and Shuofang County, south to Rinan County, east to Lintun County and west to Congling. During the reign of Emperor Ping of the Western Han Dynasty (the first year of A.D.), the national population reached about 60 million. The unity of culture laid the foundation for the social development of the Chinese nation for two thousand years and made great contributions to the continuation and survival of Chinese civilization. Therefore, the Huaxia nationality is gradually called "Han nationality". In 220, Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty perished.

Country name:

The Han Dynasty was divided into the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC1February-A.D.18/month) and the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 June-1/month). Liu Bang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, established the Western Han Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital, also known as the former Han Dynasty; Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, established the Eastern Han Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital, calling himself China, also known as the later Han Dynasty. Liu Bei, Emperor Zhaolie of the Han Dynasty, established Shu Han with its capital in Chengdu, calling himself Han Ji, also known as Xishu; The Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty are collectively referred to as the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty is an important period in the history of China's development, and the Han nationality got its name in this period. Because of its high degree of civilization, the Han nationality has always been in a dominant position among the fraternal nationalities in China, which is the result of historical development and natural formation. Since the Han Dynasty, although the name of the dynasty has changed, the status of the Han nationality as the main ethnic group in China has never changed.

(A) the history of the Western Han Dynasty

1, creating

At the end of Qin Dynasty 209 years ago, due to the increasingly harsh laws, Chen Sheng and Guangwu finally broke out, and the six princes and old nobles in the pre-Qin period also took this opportunity to rejuvenate the country. In April 207 BC, Xiang Yu, a descendant of Chu nobles, wiped out Qin Jun's main force in the Battle of Julu, and Liu Bang entered the customs to overthrow the Qin Dynasty. Later, Xiang Yu honored Chu Huaiwang as the "righteous emperor" and enfeoffed the world alone, calling himself the "overlord of Chu" and Liu Bang as Hanwang. After that, the two armies began a four-year Chu-Han war. With the help of Xiao He, Han Xin and others, Liu Bang finally defeated Xiang Yu in the Battle of Gaixia, and formally proclaimed himself emperor in the first 202 years, with the title of "Han", and established the Western Han Dynasty.

After Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang ascended the throne, he adopted the advice of his uncle Sun Tong, restored etiquette, set up three officials and nine ministers, appointed Xiao He as prime minister, and implemented the policy of "sharing interest with the people" and "governing the situation by doing nothing", encouraging production and neglecting taxes. Politically, Han Xin, Zangcha, Peng Yue, Ying Bu and other heroes were first made kings, and some heroes were made liehou.

After he proclaimed himself emperor, governors with different surnames had more power. Therefore, in the early Han Dynasty, Liu Bang eliminated the king with a different surname and renamed Liu as the king. Only Chen Wu, the king of Changsha, is loyal to the central government because he is too small to pose a threat. After Liu Bang defeated his last opponent, Ying Bu, he made an alliance oath with the heroic criminal Baima: "The king is not Liu, and the world will attack him together", which is called "the oath of the White Horse" in history. In the early Han dynasty, government officials were basically filled by heroes of all sizes, thus forming a political pattern of "clothes and clothes are important" in the early Han dynasty.

At this time, due to years of turmoil since the end of the Qin Dynasty, the national strength was weak. When Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang led 320,000 troops to try to recover the Hetao area occupied by Xiongnu at the end of the Qin Dynasty, he was besieged by Xiongnu for seven days and seven nights. Liu bang was forced to buy a wife to persuade him to break through. Since then, the Han dynasty has implemented the policy of kinship, exchanging marriage and treasure for peace. According to historical records, a total of 10 imperial daughters were sent before and after, that is, three princesses received by modu chanyu in the first 200 years, the former 192 and the former 176, and the former 174 and the former 162.

2, rest and recuperation

After Liu Bang acceded to the throne, he took the advice of his uncle Sun Tong, restored etiquette, set up three officials and nine ministers, and appointed Xiao He as the prime minister. He adopted Huang Lao's policy of peace, quiet and rest, encouraging production and paying less taxes. Politically, heroes Han Xin, Ying Bu were first made king. After the regime was stabilized, in order to prevent rebellion and consolidate the stability of imperial power, their titles were cancelled on various charges, or they were demoted or executed, and Liu's clan was changed to be king, and the oath of "If Liu is not king, the world will be the opposite" was made.

At this time, due to years of turmoil, the national strength is weak. Liu bang refused to take part in the war in order to let the people farm their lives. As a result, there was no war in the early Han Dynasty, and the people were able to recuperate.

3. Lv Hou's dictatorship.

As early as the 12th year of Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, Lv Zhi killed Han Xin, the hero of Changle Palace, and destroyed his three clans. Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang died, and Prince Liu Ying succeeded to the throne as Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty. Han Huidi 16 years old, all the power is in the hands of Empress Dowager Lv Hou. When Liu Bang, the emperor gaozu of Han Dynasty, was alive, Mrs. Qi, Liu Bang's favorite concubine, tried to make her son a prince. As a result, she was strongly resisted by the heroes' association and failed. After Liu Bang's death, Lv Hou poisoned Liu Ruyi, the king of Zhao. After Liu Ruyi's death, people gouged out Mrs Qi's eyes, smoked her ears, silenced her with drugs, broke her hands and feet, and then threw them into the toilet, naming them "Man Man", which means "people like pigs". He also did more harm to other Liu Wang. After forcing Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty to establish his niece zhangyan, she was only ten years old and was known as "Queen Zhang Xiaohui" in history. But Zhang is too young to get pregnant. She was designed to pretend to be pregnant, and then forced the imperial secretary's son to be born to Queen Zhang, and secretly executed the imperial secretary, so she was made the Crown Prince. Han Huidi was frightened by Lv Hou's cruelty and died of depression a few years later. Later, two young emperors, Gong Liu and Likas, succeeded to the throne. When the little emperor grew up, he learned that his mother had been killed by Lv Hou, and publicly said that he would take revenge when he grew up. Empress Lu was furious and imprisoned him in Yongxiang, and announced that the emperor was ill and the ministers could not see him. Later, the young emperor was abolished and secretly killed. In May, Liu Shan, the king of Hengshan Mountain, renamed Li Kasi Emperor. Lv Hou's appellation system was the first in the Han Dynasty, and it was used by later generations.

Lv Hou said that this system, the seal of Lu and Wang Zhulu, was resolutely resisted by the tomb of King Anguo, the right prime minister at that time. Lv Hou promoted the tomb to be a teacher and seized real power. So Lu's consorts were made princes. And Lu's consorts also controlled the imperial army, and Liu's imperial power was seriously threatened. Most of the ministers in the DPRK were the founding heroes of Emperor Gaozu. They dare not openly oppose Lv Hou, but they have already begun to prepare for it. On his deathbed, Lv Hou appointed Lu Chan as Prime Minister, first named Lu Lu as Prince of Zhao, and then appointed him as General, taking charge of military power alone. The heroic faction headed by Wang and Liu is also ready to join hands with the Liu royal family. After his death, the hero sent a preemptive strike to launch a coup with the royal family in one fell swoop, killing Lu's consort, abolishing the little emperor Likas, and welcoming Liu Bang, the son of Emperor Gaozu, and Wang Weidi, the son of Bo, as the Chinese Emperor. In order to increase Lu's chips, Lu's daughter was married to the Han clan, which not only had power, but also could monitor Liu's descendants' every move.

Lv Hou came to power, seven years in Huidi and eight years in Lincheng, a total of 15 years. The high-level seizure of power has not affected the country's major policies. Liu's recuperation policy can still be faithfully implemented. The Prime Minister (or Prime Minister) was the candidate arranged by Liu Bang before his death. After Xiao He's death, Cao Can succeeded to the throne, which did not change his career. As soon as Xiao He agreed, he ruled by doing nothing, which was called "Little Cao Gui Sui" in history. In addition, Lv Hou continued to be lenient and lenient in governing the country, such as abolishing the evil laws of the Qin Dynasty, such as "the crime of three clans" and "the law of carrying books". Foreign policy can also be handled rationally and calmly, and the "pro-democracy" policy can be continued to avoid war. In this way, during the Lv Hou period, the national economy was on the rise and the national strength was greatly enhanced. The history books say: "When mourning Hui Di and Gaozu, CoCo Lee wanted to leave the sufferings of the Warring States, and both the monarch and the minister wanted to rest and do nothing. So, Hui Di dominated himself, the high-ranking woman claimed the system, and the government stayed at home, so the world was silent. Punishment is rare, and sinners are rare. People's affairs are cultivated, and food and clothing are cultivated. "

4. Wen Jing's rule

Dou Taihou, the empress of Emperor Wendi of Han Dynasty, admired Taoism very much, so both Emperor Jingdi and the Dou family must learn Taoism. During the reign of Emperor Wendi and his son Emperor Jing, they continued to adopt the method of governing by doing nothing, pursued the policy of "governing by doing nothing", and implemented the policy of sharing happiness with the people, being thrifty and frugal, and being harmonious but different, which made up for the huge losses caused by the turmoil in the late Qin Dynasty and the Chu-Han War and greatly reduced the burden on the people. It is generally believed that the protagonists of the rule of Wenjing are Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty. In fact, Dou Taihou played an important role in the era of Wenjing rule. The Book of Thirty Levels in Historical Records gives a detailed description of the rule of Wenjing, in which it is mentioned that there were no major accidents during the reign of the two emperors, and the people gave their families enough. The treasury has accumulated hundreds of millions of copper coins, and the string of money has been rotten because it has not been used for a long time. The granary is full of millet, because too much can't be put down, it can only be placed outside the granary, so it is rotten and can't be eaten.

When Emperor Wendi was in power, there were some problems, such as the excessive power of the vassal state and the invasion of Chinese mainland by Xiongnu. Emperor Wen of Han adopted an extremely cautious and effective approach to these problems. When dealing with princes, Emperor Wendi took the attitude of serving others with virtue, and did not change his minor mistakes. When the central government was weak, he successfully appeased the princes who were eager to move around, and later created a group of loyal ministers for Jingdi to deal with the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms. The two most important actions are: to appease the king of Wu, so that he will not rebel under the pretext of his son's death in his prime; After the death of the King of Qi, the State of Qi was divided into seven parts, which not only met the needs of the sons of the King of Qi to be kings, but also won a reputation for themselves and wiped out the largest vassal state of Qi. If Wendi's prudent and steady practice had been continued, the subsequent Seven Kingdoms Rebellion would not have happened in the Han Dynasty, and there would be hope for a peaceful solution to the problem of vassal kings. In the second year (before 178) and the twelfth year (before 168), Wendi "cancelled half of the land rent tax" twice, that is, the rent rate was finally reduced to 30 tax. For thirteen years, Wendi was also free of rent. At the same time, it is not easy to send troops to neighboring hostile countries to maintain peace, so as not to consume national strength. This is a frivolous and generous policy. Wendi Deng's life is also frugal. No riding clothes are added to the palace, clothes are not mopped, curtains are not embroidered, and counties are forbidden to contribute exotic things. Therefore, the expenditure of the state was restrained, and the aristocratic bureaucrats dared not be extravagant, thus reducing the burden on the people. This is a rest and recuperation policy. During the reign of Emperor Wendi, Ti Ying played Emperor Wendi, deeply saddened by the disadvantages of corporal punishment, and was willing to atone for his father, which is the well-known story of "Ti Ying saving his father". Emperor Wen advocated the abolition of corporal punishment, and wrote to abolish flogging, flogging, strangulation and other punishments, replacing them with fur punishment and pardoning his father. It can be seen that Emperor Wendi is a tolerant generation of sages.

Shortly after King Jing ascended the throne, he adopted Chao Cuo's suggestion and cut off the fiefs of the vassal states, which attracted the attention of the vassal states. In the first month of the third year of Jingdi (BC 154), the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion" broke out in the name of "Jun Qing Border", so Jingdi killed Chao Cuo to quell the rebellion. However, the chaos of the Seven Kingdoms did not ease, and Emperor Jingdi appointed Zhou Yafu to send troops to counter the rebellion. Until March, the influence of the vassal states was greatly weakened. After the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion, Emperor Jingdi began to concentrate on managing state affairs. It is said that Jingdi is very simple and kind, and loves the people. In addition to pacifying the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms, there was no large-scale use of troops, and the war with Xiongnu was always controlled within a certain scale, and the pro-Xiongnu policy was still adopted.

While maintaining peace with Xiongnu and South Vietnam, we are also actively preparing for the war through measures such as the Ma Su Order. This period, known as "cultural scene rule", was praised by traditional historians for the first time since China became a unified empire.

5. In its heyday

After Jingdi's death, his son Liu Che succeeded to the throne, which was known as Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (i.e. 14 1-87), he took a series of reform measures and made great efforts to govern the country, integrating politics, economy and military affairs in the Western Han Dynasty.

Politically, Liang Wudi strengthened the imperial power and established the title of "Jianyuan". Starting from the title of emperor of China, he adopted Zhu's suggestion, implemented an award order, and weakened the power of the vassals. Since then, the power of the princes can no longer pose a threat to the central court. Later, more than 0/00 titles of/kloc were cancelled on the grounds that the contributions made by governors were impure, which was called "the loss of Hou Huangjin" in history books. After the second incident, centralization was greatly strengthened. Culturally, before the reign of Emperor Xiaowu, he abolished the idea of "Huang Lao talks about doing nothing" and actively governed the country; And adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", which made Confucianism gradually become the "mainstream thought" of China after two thousand years.

In foreign relations, we should actively deal with the biggest foreign enemy invasion in the Western Han Dynasty-Xiongnu. During this period, Wei Qing, Huo Qubing and other outstanding stars appeared one after another. After decades of campaigns by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Emperor Zhao, he finally defeated Hun Khan and made him "desert south without Wang Ting". It also annexed South Vietnam and conquered Korea, making the Han Dynasty the hegemon of East Asia at that time. Diplomatically, Zhang Qian sent two missions to the Western Regions to open up the Silk Road, and two princesses Liu successively kissed Wusun, a western power, in order to alienate the relationship between the Western Regions and the Xiongnu, and then contact the Western Regions.

In his later years, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty believed in witchcraft and listened to Jiang Chong's slanders, which led to the famous "witch curse". The criminal Prince Herry Liu was forced to kill Jiang Chong and rebelled. As a result, he died of defeat, and Wei Ruyun's son-in-law committed suicide. Afterwards, Emperor Wu also regretted it very much and built a lookout to mourn the Prince.

After years of foreign wars, the savings of Wenjing rule have been exhausted, the economy has been greatly impacted, and the national strength has also declined. For this reason, after the witch disaster, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took the defeat of the expeditionary force as an opportunity to issue the famous Imperial Decree of Luntai, and no longer pursued a belligerent policy. In order to boost the economy, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty brought coins and salt and iron into the central management, strengthened agricultural production, implemented harmony and legality, dug white canals, established the policy of equal damage and uniform purchase and marketing, intervened in prices, competed with the people for profits, and strengthened the role of the state in the economy. These policies prevented the Han Dynasty from declining.

6. Zhao Xuanzhongxing

After the death of Emperor Wu, Liu Fuling, the son of Mrs Gou Jian, who was only eight years old, ascended the throne as Zhao Han. At the beginning of Zhao Han's reign, Shangguan Jie, Jin Ridi and Huo Guang jointly assisted him. But in the first year of Yuanfeng (the first 80 years), a coup took place in Yuanfeng, and Shangguan Jie was killed. From then on, Huo Guang monopolized the power. Huo Guang continued the policy of Emperor Wu in his later years, recuperating internally, relaxing the monopoly system of salt and iron, and improving the status of Confucian scholars. After the death of Emperor Zhao, Emperor Chang-ik Son and Wang Liuhe succeeded to the throne. He indulged his behavior and plotted to crowd out Huo Guang, but Huo Guang abolished him. Later, Huo Guang welcomed Liu Bingyi to the throne of Xuan Di, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty. In the first year of Benshi (73 years ago), Huo Guang was still in charge of Xuan Di. In the second year of Dijie (68 years before), Huo Guang died. Since then, Xuan Di has eliminated the Khodorkovsky Group. However, Xuan Di continued to follow Huo Guang's line of governing the country, vigorously rectified the bureaucracy, advised the people to cultivate agriculture and mulberry, restrained mergers, and reduced the role of the state in the economy. During this period, the Han Dynasty not only kept its internal affairs clear, but also maintained a strong position towards the Huns. In the second year of Emperor Gaozu's Xuandi (the first 60 years), the capital of the Western Regions was established, and the contact and control of the regions where 36 countries in the Western Regions were located were strengthened. After recuperation, the national economy has obviously got rid of the recession predicament since the middle period of Emperor Wu, which is called "Zhao Xuan Zhongxing" in history.

7. Wang Mang took up this position.

After Xuan Di's death, Liu Shi, Emperor of the Han Dynasty, succeeded to the throne, and the Western Han Dynasty began to decline. Yuan Di, who was "soft-hearted and good at Confucianism", indulged in social order and often ordered big pardons, which led to thieves everywhere, increasingly serious land annexation, the decline of imperial power and the rise of consorts and eunuchs. After his death, Liu Ao ascended the throne and became a good woman. He loved Queen Xu, Ban Jieyu and Zhao's sisters (Zhao and Zhao Hede) successively. Zhao's sisters used to be prostitutes and could not have children, so they were jealous of other fertile concubines and their children. The children of the emperor and other concubines were killed by Zhao's sister, which is called "Yan pecks at the emperor's grandson" in history. Because "wine invades the bone", Cheng Di finally died in "gentle country". Due to Emperor Cheng's indifference to state affairs, it provided conditions for the rise of Wang Zhaofei Group, and the influence of the Queen Mother's family expanded rapidly. After the death of Emperor Cheng, Liu Xin, the son of Ding Tao, acceded to the throne. He has a "broken sleeve addiction" and hangs out with his favorite Dong Xian, and Wang Zhaofei's power was once suppressed. At this time, the country is already a doomsday image, and the argument of "re-ordering" among the people is everywhere. In August of the second year of Yuanshou (1), Aidi died. For the sake of Emperor Ping of Han Dynasty and the early Yuan Dynasty, the Queen Mother sent Wang Mang to replace Dong Xian as Fu and welcomed King Zhongshan to the throne. However, Liu Kan has become a puppet of follwed. Five years later, Wang Mang poisoned Pingdi, who was only 14 years old, and welcomed Liu Yuxin to the throne. posthumous title was a "obedient boy" and became a "fake emperor" himself. In 9 years, 65438+ 10, Wang Mang forced the obedient baby to abdicate, deposed him as an official and established a new dynasty. The Western Han Dynasty ended.

(2) History of Eastern Han Dynasty

1, Guangwu Zhongxing

In the fifth year of Tianfeng in Xin Mang (17), the Greenwood Uprising broke out. In 23 years, Wang Mang's regime finally perished under the Chimei and Greenwood Uprising. In February of the same year, outlaws made Liu Xuan emperor of the Han clan, and restored the title of the Han clan, starting a new stove. In 25 years, the Red-Eye Army made Liu Penzi emperor, then defeated the outlaws, and the second emperor, Liu Xuan, surrendered to the Red-Eye Army. Liu Xuan is usually regarded as the last emperor of the Western Han Dynasty.

In June (twenty-five years), Liu Xiu, an imperial clan of the Han Dynasty who belonged to Emperor Geng, proclaimed himself emperor in the south of Ganxian County (now southeast of Gaoyi, Hebei Province). He was Emperor Guangwu. After Liu Penzi was destroyed, he still used the title of Han Dynasty. This year is the first year of Jianwu, with Luoyang as its capital, which is known as the Eastern Han Dynasty. After he acceded to the throne, it took him 37 years to finally eliminate the separatist forces such as Chi Mei, Xiao Wei and Gongsun Shu and unify the whole country.

Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty abolished Wang Mang's malpractice, and in the second year of Jianwu (26 years), Emperor Guangwu ordered the rectification of official management and set six ministers in charge of state affairs, which further weakened the power of the three fairs (Qiu, Situ and Sikong) and strengthened centralization; At the same time, check the land, establish a new tax system, revitalize agriculture and gradually stabilize people's lives; In addition, advocating Confucianism, establishing imperial academy, and setting up a doctor of the Five Classics, in parallel with respecting Confucianism, is to praise integrity. Therefore, non-commissioned officers compete to take honor as the goal and lay the foundation for pure and beautiful politics and education; The strategy of defending Xiongnu and other external forces, conniving at appeasement, giving up the western regions and strictly restricting consorts is known as the revival of martial arts in history. However, due to the enfeoffment of land, the situation of land annexation has become more and more serious, and the rise of local powerful forces has laid a hidden danger for the ultimate demise of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

2. Zhang Ming's rule

During the reign of Emperor Han Ming and Zhang Han, the Eastern Han Dynasty entered its heyday, which was called "the rule of Zhang Ming" in history. During this period, Dou Gu sent Ban Chao to the Western Regions, and Ban Chao stayed in the Western Regions for more than 30 years. He is not only good at intimidating countries by force, but also good at contacting distant countries by diplomatic means. But the Huns are also carrying out similar actions to overthrow the pro-Han regimes in various countries and then form an alliance with the new regime. The two sides repeatedly attacked and defended, and it was not until 20 years later that Ban Chao's son Ban Yong took full control of the Western Regions. In October of the second year of Zhanghe (88), General Dou Xian rode a chariot, led an army out of the village, defeated the northern Xiongnu, and climbed Mount Yanran, where he wrote an inscription for Ban Gu, known as Yanran Xerox. Two years later, in the third year of Yongyuan (9 1), Dou Xian sent troops to attack Jinwei Mountain again, and attacked Jinwei Mountain for five thousand miles. The Xiongnu in the north was the main force, and more than 5 thousand people under the king were killed. North Khan was captured by the empress dowager, and North Khan fled hastily. Since then, the Xiongnu's threat to the northern border of the Han Dynasty has been swept away, and the national situation in the Han Dynasty has once again reached the peak of the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Buddhism was also introduced into China at this time. However, in the late Zhang period, consorts became increasingly domineering, which opened the prelude to the struggle between consorts and eunuchs in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.

3, consorts and eunuchs

1988, Zhang Han died suddenly at the age of 3/kloc-0. At that time, Zhao, who was only 10 years old, acceded to the throne as Han and Emperor. At the beginning of his reign, in fact, all political affairs were controlled by Queen Dou, and national politics became increasingly corrupt. Dou's arrogance caused the emperor's dissatisfaction. Soon, the emperor arrested his consort Dou Xian at the age of 14, and the consort began to weaken, so the emperor trusted the eunuch. Since then, politics in the Eastern Han Dynasty has become a struggle between consorts and eunuchs. However, He Di is politically diligent and a wise master. In the winter of the first year of Yuanxing, He Di died of illness at the age of 27. Liu Long, the youngest son born only one hundred days ago, ascended the throne as Shang Emperor. Emperor Shang died after only eight months in office. The heir to the throne is Andy Liu Hu, son of Liu Qing, king of Qinghe River. At the beginning of his reign, the empress dowager Deng Sui ruled the country. Empress Deng kept the house diligently and appointed talented people, while limiting the family power, she also connived at the eunuch power. In the first year of Jianguang (12 1), Empress Dowager Deng died, Andi took power, and the Deng family was completely destroyed. Andi relied on the strength of consorts Song, Yan and eunuchs. Listening to treacherous court officials, acting recklessly, and failing in court affairs, the Eastern Han Dynasty declined rapidly. In March of the fourth year of Yan Guang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty died in Yecheng. Yan, the consort, kept silent and supported the grandson of Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty and the son of King Jibei, who was known as Emperor Shao of the Han Dynasty. He died of illness after only 200 days in power. After the death of Shaodi, the Yan family plotted to set up a puppet, which was broken by Sun Cheng, the regular servant, and the Yan family was killed. Sun Li Wang Liu Bao was Emperor Shun of Han Dynasty. In the early days of Shun Di's rule, the eunuch's power expanded, but it triggered a rebound from all walks of life. In the first year of Yang Jia (132), Liang Nan, an aristocrat, was made queen. From then on, Liang Nan's consorts began to rise, and Liang Nan's brother Liang Ji was appointed general. In August of the second year of Han 'an (143), Shun Di died, and Liu Yuxin ascended the throne at the behest of Emperor Chong. He was only 2 years old when he ascended the throne, and Queen Liang was in office. In the first year of Yongjia (145), Liu Bing died at the age of three. On the 25th day of the first month, Liang Ji embraced Liu Zuan to the throne. This is the quality emperor. Wendi was very clever and called Liang Ji a "domineering general". As a result, the quality emperor was poisoned soon.

On the seventh day of June this year, the general made Herry Liu, the grandson of Emperor Zhang of Hanzhao, the Emperor of Han Dynasty. Emperor Huan was young, and Queen Liang continued to be in power. At the beginning of Emperor Huan's reign, his power had almost no boundaries. He destroyed loyalty, pocketed his own money and did all kinds of evil. Emperor Huan was secretly dissatisfied with him. On August 10th, the second year of Yan Xi, Emperor Huan sent troops to surround Liang Zhai. And his wife both committed suicide, and Liang's consorts also fell down. Eunuchs became the new power center. Shan Chao, Huang Xu, Juyuan, Zuo Yi and Tang Heng are county magistrates; Shan Chao's food city has 20,000 households, and was later named as a general riding a car. The other four people each have ten thousand households, called Wuhou. The greed and indulgence of the Five Emperors eventually led to the first party occlusion in Yan Xi for nine years (166). On December 28th, the first year of Yongkang (168), Emperor Huan of Han Dynasty died. Emperor Huan left no children, and Liu Hong, the great-grandson of Hejian man Liu Jinbiao, succeeded to the throne as Emperor Han Ling. At the beginning of Emperor Ling's accession to the throne, there was a fierce power struggle between consorts headed by Dou Taihou and Dou Wu and eunuchs headed by Cao Jie and Wang Fu. On the seventh day of September in the first year of Yongkang, eunuchs staged a coup and consorts were weakened. Eunuch caused the two-party occlusion in the second year of Yongkang (164). The spiritual emperor himself is arrogant and extravagant, in order to make up for the corruption of public finance and government affairs.

4, the yellow turban insurrectionary chaos and destruction

Decades of political struggles and natural disasters have shaken the people's livelihood in the Han Dynasty, and finally the Yellow Scarf Uprising triggered by the founder of Taiping Road, Zhang Jiao, broke out in 184. The yellow turban insurrectionary army takes "Heaven dies, Huang Tianli; Years old in Jiazi, the world is prosperous "called on hundreds of thousands of people to participate. Although the rebellion was quickly put down, after this battle, the strength of the Eastern Han court was greatly reduced. The key point is that in order to suppress the rebellion as soon as possible, the central court delegated the military and political power to the state pastors in each state. From then on, local strongmen began to stand on their own feet slowly, adding icing on the cake to their already strong economic strength, and eventually evolved into a situation in which many powerful warlords separated themselves and competed with each other at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

After the death of Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty, both the consort He Jin and the eunuch died in a fire, which finally ended the struggle between consorts and officials. However, after Dong Zhuo came to power, he abolished the little emperor Liu Bian as the king of Hongnong and replaced him with Wang Liuxie, and burned down the capital Luoyang. After Dong Zhuo was killed by Lu Bu, after several years of melee, Cao Cao, Hebei Yuan Shao, Huainan Yuan Shu, Jiangdong Sun Ce, Jingzhou Liu Biao and Yizhou Ada appeared. Among them, Cao Cao's "seizing the emperor to make the princes" raised the power of the Han Dynasty, wiped out all kinds of separatist forces, wiped out the main force of the most powerful enemy Yuan Shao's army in the battle of Guandu, and basically unified the northern part of China.

In the 13th year of Jian 'an, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty removed the three officials, restored the prime minister, and Cao Cao became the prime minister, monopolizing power. Cao Cao invaded the south and was defeated by Sun Quan and Liu Bei in Battle of Red Cliffs. Cao Cao returned to the North Master. Soon Liu Bei took Jingzhou as the foundation and occupied Yizhou, and Cao Liusun's three-point world trend began to take shape. During this period, Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty was only a puppet emperor, and the real power was in the hands of Cao Cao. Cao Cao was first promoted to Gong Wei, and then to Wang Wei. Liu Bei has also been promoted to Hanzhong King and Yizhou Pastor, and the Han Dynasty has existed in name only.

In the first month of spring in the twenty-fifth year of Jian 'an (220), Cao Cao died of illness, and his prince Cao Pi succeeded to the prime minister of Han Dynasty and attacked Wang Wei. In November of the same year, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian of Han to "abdicate" and ascend to the throne. The Eastern Han Dynasty ended, the Han Dynasty officially ended, and the Three Kingdoms period officially began. After Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty to establish the State of Wei, Liu Bei immediately announced in Shu that he would inherit the legal system of the Han Dynasty and established a regime that followed the name of the Han Dynasty, known as Shu Han in history. Although Sun Quan of Jiangdong became a vassal of Wei, he was independent both at home and abroad. A few years later, Sun Quan also became emperor, with the title of Wu.

Two. Wei-Jin history

The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (222-589), also known as the Three Kingdoms and the Southern Jin Dynasties, was an era in which China was unified for only 37 years, while other dynasties changed rapidly and many countries coexisted. This period lasted for 369 years, from 222 when Sun Quan became king to 589 when the Sui Dynasty destroyed the Southern Dynasty and unified China. It can be divided into three kingdoms period (the coexistence of Cao Wei orthodoxy, Shu Han and Sun Wu), Western Jin Dynasty (called Jin Dynasty together with Eastern Jin Dynasty), Sixteen Countries Period of Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Southern and Northern Dynasties (the period of opposition between Southern and Northern Dynasties, totaling 150 years). In addition, the six countries of Sun Wu, Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, including Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, all took Jiankang (Jianye in Sun Wu's era, that is, today's Nanjing) as their capital, also collectively referred to as the Six Dynasties.

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were the most frequent periods of regime change in China's history. Due to the long-term feudal regime and continuous wars, the development of China culture in this period was particularly affected. Its outstanding performance is the rise of metaphysics, the prosperity of Taoism and the introduction of Persian and Greek culture. During the 300-odd years from Wei Dynasty to Sui Dynasty, the development of Confucianism and the image and historical position of Confucius in this period became complicated due to the interaction and infiltration of many new cultural factors mentioned above.