The literature of Song Dynasty has made unprecedented progress, far exceeding that of Han and Tang Dynasties, and achieved fruitful results in various fields, enjoying a good reputation in ancient and modern times and making classic and outstanding contributions to human culture. Song Lian, one of the great poets in the third day of Ming Dynasty, was full of praise for the culture of Song Dynasty. Since the Qin Dynasty, Mo Wen flourished in the Song Dynasty. ?
Among the eight masters of Tang and Song Dynasties, the Song Dynasty accounted for six, while Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong all came out of the Northern Song Dynasty.
Song Poetry, Song Ci and Tang Poetry are both called the pinnacle of China's poetry, and there are countless famous poets and poets: Yan Shu, Liu Yong, Su Shi, Qin Guan, Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji, Huang Tingjian, Lu You, Yang Wanli and so on.
Revision: Revision initiated by Song Taizong? Four Great Classical Novels in Song Dynasty? Taiping Magnolia, Wenyuan Huaying, Taiping Guangji and Ci Fu Yuan Gui are still of great value. Historian Sima Guang's Zi Tong Zhi Jian is the peak of historiography.
Confucianism: In the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhou Dunyi, Shao Yong, Zhang Zai, Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi synthesized five sons, while in the Southern Song Dynasty, there were Lu Jiuyuan, the originator of Mind Theory, and the philosopher Zhu.
Why is the culture of Song Dynasty so developed? Let me elaborate:
At the national level.
1, enlightened system
In the Song Dynasty? Don't kill literati, don't kill writers? Tradition, why? Use Wen to subdue Wu? The policy has improved the status of civil servants, claiming to follow? Scholars rule the world together? Song Taizu proposed that the prime minister should use scholars, and Song Taizong advocated the reading atmosphere. In the Song Dynasty, culture and education flourished, academics flourished, and famous scholars came forth in large numbers.
Not only that, the premise of cultural prosperity is a relaxed political environment, and the prison of literature has always existed. According to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the phenomenon of rivers of blood did not appear in the Song Dynasty. Su Shi's Wutai poetry case can be regarded as the only time he was convicted for his words, and Su Shi was only demoted? Check the school, minister of water affairs, minister of foreign affairs, and assistant ambassador Huang Zhou Ying Yong, and put him in this state? .
2. Imperial examination system
The selection of officials in Han dynasty was based on the imperial examination system, and in Wei and Jin dynasties it was based on the nine-grade system. Officials were in the hands of aristocratic families. The imperial examination began in Sui and Tang Dynasties, but most officials still came from powerful groups. However, in the Song Dynasty, it was no longer the clansmen of the Tang Dynasty who were politically active, but the scholars of civilian origin. The reason is that the imperial examination system in Song Dynasty gradually matured and became the main means of selecting state officials. Song Ting's selection of talents through examinations is not limited to family status, and the number of people selected has also increased a lot compared with the Sui and Tang Dynasties. There are clouds in song poetry.
As Tian Shelang, you will be crowned Emperor of Heaven at dusk.
Wang Zhu's Spectacular Poems in Song Dynasty
Poetry fully reflects that in the Song Dynasty, ordinary people could learn and understand culture through their own efforts, thus making rapid progress. According to statistics, more than half of the characters in the Northern Song Dynasty in the biographies of History of Song Dynasty were children of civilians who were born in cloth and were not officials for three generations. According to the origin of Zai Zhi, the situation is similar. Civil service officials accounted for about one-third in the early Northern Song Dynasty, more than three-quarters in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty and more than four-fifths in the late Northern Song Dynasty. It can be said that the imperial examination system changed the source of the elite group in the whole Song Dynasty. Give children from poor families a fair chance to be officials. Therefore, the wind of civil reading imperial examinations prevailed.
From a social point of view
1, the development of science and technology has promoted the prosperity of culture.
With the maturity of papermaking and printing, the cost of knowledge dissemination is greatly reduced and the efficiency is greatly improved. Before the Han Dynasty, characters were written on bamboo slips. High cost and poor convenience are not conducive to the spread of knowledge, so knowledge can only be mastered by a few people. After the Han Dynasty, the invention of paper reduced the cost of cultural communication, but when printing was not invented, the efficiency of cultural communication was very low. Papermaking and printing in Song Dynasty were the highest peaks in China's history. Therefore, the cost of knowledge and cultural communication is reduced and the efficiency is improved, which makes people have a lot of cultural learning opportunities and resources.
2. Economic development promotes cultural prosperity.
Song Dynasty is not only the peak of China culture, but also the peak of economic development. The highly developed private economy has liberated people from heavy labor. Cang Li knows etiquette, food and clothing know honor and disgrace. Only when the people have enough granaries and have enough food and clothing can they give consideration to reading and learning etiquette and pay attention to honor and disgrace.
3. Developed educational institutions.
Official educational institutions are developed. Only during the reign of Hui Zong in the late Northern Song Dynasty, there were16 ~ 210,000 official students. There are about 400 thousand people who can take the imperial examination every year.
There are also many academies in folk education institutions in the Northern Song Dynasty. Many famous officials and Confucian scholars in the Northern Song Dynasty once presided over folk academies, such as Yan Shu and Fan Zhongyan.
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The reason why the culture of Song Dynasty was so developed was that, at the national level, the politics was enlightened and the imperial examinations were perfect. From the social and civil point of view, the gradual maturity of science and technology, economy and education system has laid the foundation for the high development of Song Wenhua. Is this why Mr. Chen Yinque came? The culture of the Chinese nation developed for thousands of years and reached its peak in the Zhao and Song Dynasties? Say it.