Basiya is one of the nine sons of Longsheng, a myth and legend of ancient Han nationality in China. Looks like a fish, not a fish, but good water, also known as a water avoidance beast. No one can tell what it looks like. The head is a bit like a dragon, but it is flatter than a faucet, closer to a beast, and a bit like a lion, with a pair of horns on its head. Longlin is physically, with four legs and a tail. According to legend, a long time ago, the ancestors of Pteris vittata were brought down to the world because they violated the dogma, and were kept under a huge and heavy turtle shell to guard the canal 1000 years. Thousands of years later, the ancestors of the water thieves finally got free and broke away from the turtle shell. In order to commemorate and commend his family's meritorious service in protecting the river, people carved a stone statue according to its appearance and placed it on the stone pier by the river, saying that it could stabilize the river and prevent floods. Pteris vittata symbolizes peace in all directions and is very watery. When repairing a bridge, it should be placed at the bridge head or bridge body. The mouth is big, and the stomach can hold a lot of water, so it is often used as the drain of buildings. There is also a legend that centipedes can swallow river water and spit rainwater, and it is responsible for draining rainwater. In China, the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven and other ancient classic Han Palace buildings, we can often see centipedes. Pteris vittata is good at water, also known as water-absorbing beast, which can adjust the water quantity and make the river "carry fewer boats and more crops" to protect one side and be revered by the people. In this way, the supernatural things are located on both sides of the bridge top, facing the surging river, indicating that the bridge will avoid floods forever and Yong' an will last forever.
Wannian Bridge is a provincial-level protected cultural relic in Jiangxi Province. It was built in the seventh year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1634), with a history of more than 360 years. It is the longest stone arch bridge in Jiangxi, with a length of 4 10/0m and a height of10m. The bridge foundation is solid, the bridge body is light, and it is made of bluestone from bottom to top. The arch ring adopts longitudinal crimping method. The front pier is high and the rear pier is low, which tends to raise its head to meet the water.
Wannian Bridge, also known as Long Live Bridge, commonly known as Dongmen Bridge, spans the south of Qianyang Lake in Fairy Lake Scenic Area, with a total length of 384 meters and a width of 7.68 meters. It is a large stone arch bridge with 65,438+065,438+0 holes, and it is also the main access to the south of Gufenyi. In the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing (1556), the Ming army suppressed the Japanese pirates with great victory, and the Japanese leaders were arrested one after another. At that time, they handed over the prisoners to the capital. Congratulations! In this festive atmosphere, Fenyiren wrote to his father Yan Song through Yan Shifan, talking about the inconvenience caused by the frequent damage of the ancient pontoon bridge crossing the river in the Qing Dynasty in the east of the city, and requesting that it be converted into a stone arch bridge. Yan Song promised to send Yan Shifan back to Fenyi, and the bridge site was chosen to the east of Du Shi in Qingyuan. On the one hand, I personally went to Jiangsu and Zhejiang to inspect the bridge type, hired craftsmen, purchased stones, loaded them into camphor trees by big ships, and then put them on boats to transport them back to Yuanhe for distribution. The whole project started in September of that year and was completed in June of the following year. It's worth more than twenty thousand taels of silver. After the completion of the new bridge, it was named Wannian Bridge. According to Yan Song's "Wannian Bridge, Fenyi County", "Siqiao said:' Wannian Bridge' will not forget the grace of the son of heaven, and may he live a long life!" Structurally, Wannian Bridge can be divided into three parts: face, body and foundation. The bridge foundation consists of 10 phyllite piers, and each pier is embedded with rough water-absorbing animals. Fenshui Jingang Swallow-winged Pier is conical, rising from the water facing the pier, which is both majestic and straight, giving people a sense of artistic beauty; It also divided the waves, slowed down the impulse of the river, skillfully played the self-protection function of the bridge foundation, and made the bridge rest safely after 433 years of ups and downs. The bridge deck is wide and flat, covered with a huge blue slate, and its two wings are protected by stone railings, on which there are sentry boxes interlocked with the railings. The balustrade is carved with rare birds, animals, flowers and herbs, and two pairs of drum-hugging stones are supported at each end of the balustrade, facing the backs of two pairs of stone lions at the bridgehead. About 500 steps north of the bridge, there is a stone carving of Bixi. According to legend, the dragon gave birth to nine sons, one of whom was tourmaline, which was shaped like a turtle and had great strength and load. In the old days, the stone platform of the great stone tablet was carved into the shape of Bixi, bearing the stone tablet of Wannian Bridge in Fenyi County, with a height of 2m, a width of 1 m and a thickness of 0.3m. In the 13th year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1656), General Sun Yan, the great-grandson of Yan Song, rebuilt the pavilion. In the seventh year of Qianlong (1742), the stone fence on the east side of the bridge moved and was rebuilt by Yan family. 192 1, Fenyi County raised funds to rebuild the third hole. 1946 More than half of the four piers in the south of the bridge collapsed, and Fenyi County allocated 6,543.8+0,000 yuan to repair them. Jiangkou Reservoir was completed 1958, Fenyi County was relocated, and Wannian Bridge and the old county were submerged together! Later, someone blew up the middle arch with a span of 14.4 meters for the convenience of survey or navigation. Thankfully, during the dry season, Wannian Bridge's long body is completely out of the water. This mirage-like fun and vicissitudes of life make it a tourist attraction! 1988165438+1October 17 Foreign scholars attending the "Yan Song and the Politics of the Ming Dynasty" visited Wannian Bridge. As one of them, the author is also fortunate to feast his eyes. Scholars or groups, whispering; Or crossing the bridge alone and whistling on the railing, it seems that they are expressing their nostalgia in different ways, recalling the dust dreams of it and its builders in the past!
Who knows the legend of (Pteris vittata): it means peace on all sides and good in water. When repairing a bridge, it should be placed at the bridge head or bridge body. The mouth is big, and the stomach can hold a lot of water, so it is often used as the drain of buildings. There is also a legend that centipedes can swallow river water and spit rainwater, which is responsible for draining rainwater. Scolopes can often be seen in China's ancient classical royal buildings such as the Forbidden City and the Temple of Heaven.
Pteris vittata is kind and good at water, also known as water-absorbing beast, which can adjust the water quantity and make the river "less loaded with boats and less flooded with crops", protecting one side and being highly respected by the people. This miraculous thing is located on both sides of the top of the bridge, facing the turbulent river, which indicates that the bridge will avoid flooding forever and Yong 'an will last forever.
Is one of the sons of the dragon.
In China, there has been a folk saying that "one dragon gives birth to nine children" is not a dragon, that is to say, the nine descendants of the dragon are not dragons, but nine different animals. There are many versions of this legend, and each version is not uniform, but it is basically the difference in the ranking of nine animals, which is basically the same for the nine animals themselves. Pteris vittata, a famous water repellent animal, no one can tell what it looks like. The head is a bit like a dragon,
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But it is flatter than the faucet, closer to the beast, a bit like a lion, with a diagonal on its head. Longlin is physically, with four legs and a tail. Legend has it that a long time ago
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The ancestors of the water dodgers were exiled to the world because they violated the dogma, and were kept under huge and heavy turtle shells to guard the canal 1000. Thousands of years later, the ancestors of the water thieves finally got free and broke away from the turtle shell. In order to commemorate and commend his family's meritorious service in protecting the river, people carved a stone statue according to its appearance and placed it on the stone pier by the river, saying that it could stabilize the river and prevent floods. Pteris vittata: It means peace in all directions. Very watery. When repairing a bridge, it should be placed at the bridge head or bridge body. The mouth is big, and the stomach can hold a lot of water, so it is often used as the drain of buildings. There is also a legend that centipedes can swallow river water and spit rainwater, which is responsible for draining rainwater.
Pteris vittata can often be seen in ancient classical royal buildings in China, such as the Temple of Heaven. Pteris vittata is kind and good at water, also known as water-absorbing beast, which can adjust the water quantity and make the river "less loaded with boats and less flooded with crops", protecting one side and being highly respected by the people. This miraculous thing is located on both sides of the top of the bridge, facing the turbulent river, which indicates that the bridge will avoid flooding forever and Yong 'an will last forever.
The historical value of Zhao Zhouqiao is the longest ancient bridge in the northern part of southern Xinjiang, which should be pushed to Anping Bridge, Quanzhou, Fujian; The shortest is the Golden Belt Bridge in Hangzhou West Lake.
Anji Bridge in Zhaoxian County is located 45 kilometers southeast of Shijiazhuang, the provincial capital. It is the oldest stone arch bridge with open shoulders and is famous at home and abroad for its superb scientific and artistic value. Anji Bridge is located on the river south of Zhao County, which is also called Zhao Zhouqiao because Zhao County was called Zhaozhou in ancient times, and Dashiqiao because the bridge is made of stone.
196 1 was listed as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units in the State Council. 199 1 year, American Society of Civil Engineers selected Anji Bridge as a milestone in international historical civil engineering 12.
Anji Bridge was built from the 15th year of Huang Kai in Sui Dynasty to the first year of Daye (AD 595-605) and supervised by craftsman Li Chun, with a history of 1400 years. This bridge is strong and magnificent.
The total length is 64.4 meters and the vault is 9 meters wide. The design of the bridge completely conforms to scientific principles, and the construction technology is unique.
Zhang, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, said in the inscription of Dashiqiao in Zhaozhou: "It is made strangely, and people don't know what it is." Overall, it is a single arch bridge.
The arch was 37.02 meters long and was the longest stone arch in the world at that time. Bridge opening is not an ordinary semicircle, but like a bow. The bridge deck is flat and wide, and it becomes a "flat arch", which gives consideration to land and water traffic and is convenient for vehicles and horses to run.
This stone arch consists of 28 arch rings, each of which can stand independently to form a whole, which is convenient for independent construction and maintenance. Such a long-span flat arch has great horizontal thrust on the abutment and is difficult to construct.
However, the abutment is a shallow and small ordinary rectangle with a thickness of only 1.549 m, which is made of five rows of stones. Its foundation is sub-clay, and its bearing capacity is small.
It is rare in the world to build such a small abutment and such a large-span stone arch bridge on such a foundation. The greatest scientific contribution of Anji Bridge is that it has created an "open-shouldered arch".
On the two shoulders of the big arch, there are four parallel small arches, which not only increase the water passage, save stone and reduce the weight of the bridge, but also facilitate the passive pressure of the small arches on the big arch and enhance the stability of the bridge. This has effectively ensured that the Anji Bridge has withstood numerous floods, eight major earthquakes and the weight of vehicles in the history of 1000 years, and still stands on the Weihe River for thousands of years.
Zhao Zhouqiao is a masterpiece in the history of bridge building in China. It was built by Li Chun, an outstanding craftsman in Sui Dynasty, and many masons. It is one of the four famous treasures in northern China. But in folklore, it is believed that this bridge was built by the skillful craftsman Lu Ban.
It is said that in the past, the turbid waves of the river rolled and surged down, and people on both sides of the strait had to rely on wooden boats to ferry. One night, the moonlight was bright, and Lu Ban, the founder of the carpenter, came here with glistening sheep.
In a blink of an eye, the sheep became all kinds of stones and sat in the river. Lu Ban took the opportunity to swing a hammer to start work. At dawn, a strange and magnificent "Zhao Zhouqiao" was covered with dawn, and Tingting stood on the river.
The good news immediately sensationalized the people and spread all over the heavens. Zhang is a member. He was very surprised and invited the King of Cheshire to try the bridge together.
Zhang rode a donkey in front, and the wallet on the donkey's back contained the sun and the moon; Officer Chai is pushing a cart behind, carrying the Five Mountains. Walking in the middle of the bridge, the bridge is crumbling.
Seeing that the situation was not good, Lu Ban jumped into the water and held the bridge with his hand. This stone bridge is safe and sound. After so much pressure, the bridge is more stable.
Results Clear donkey hoof prints and driveway ditches were left on the bridge deck. Luban's handprint was left at the bottom of the bridge. As the folk song "Little Cowherd" sings: "Grandpa Luban of Zhaozhou Shiqiao repaired, and the sage of the jade railing stayed; Zhang rides the donkey bridge and the firewood rolls over the ditch. "
Anji Bridge occupies an important position in the history of bridge construction, which has a far-reaching influence on the bridge construction in later generations in China. Especially, the application of "split-shoulder arch" is the first time in the history of bridges in the world, and it is also the first split-shoulder arch bridge in the world. In Europe, it was not until 1883 that the stone arch bridge of Antoinette Railway built in France and the big stone bridge built in Luxembourg started the construction of long-span open-shouldered arch bridge in Europe, which was nearly 1300 years later than Anji Bridge.
Western bridge experts who know Anji Bridge also believe that the open-shouldered arch building of Anji Bridge is the ancestor of many modern reinforced concrete bridges, which has opened a generation of bridge style. Anji Bridge is the first new structure in the history of bridge engineering, which shows exquisite construction technology and is also an artistic treasure.
It spans the Weihe River, just like a Changhong flying frame, with huge body and magnificent momentum. On the curved and flat main arch line, there are four small arches lying symmetrically, like four giant garlands, decorated on the bridge shoulders. The outline is clear, the lines are bright, and in the grandeur, it reveals a rich and light aesthetic feeling.
At the top of the bridge, an imaginary water-absorbing beast was created, which entrusted the bridge with a good wish of being free from water damage and enduring for a long time; Exquisite stone carvings, various dragons, animal faces, floral ornaments, bamboo joints, etc. Carved on fences and sentries, especially dragons. The dragon is either entrenched in the game or landed in the water, unpredictable and its expression is extremely moving.
The carving method is vigorous and powerful, and the artistic style is novel and bold. After the completion of Anji Bridge in Zhaozhou, it had a far-reaching influence in the history of bridge building in China. Not only the open-shouldered arch bridge appeared in the surrounding areas, but also Zhao County in Hebei Province and even distant provinces and regions were affected.
A typical example is Yongtong Bridge on Qingshui River outside Ximen, Zhao County. There are always different opinions about the construction date of Yongtong Bridge because there is no original data.
According to the study of stone components and lettering unearthed from 1986 Bridge, Yongtong Bridge was built in the early years of Yongtai in Tang Dynasty (AD 765). However, the styles of the artifacts unearthed under the bridge are very similar to those in the Sui Dynasty, so some people think that Yongtong Bridge and Anji Bridge were built at the same time, or that Yongtong Bridge was built in the late Sui Dynasty and early Tang Dynasty.
The structural form of Yongtong Bridge completely imitates Anji Bridge. Because it was built later than Anji Bridge (Dashiqiao) and its shape is small, people call it Xiaoshiqiao. Yongtong Bridge is also a single-hole open-shouldered arc flat arch stone bridge, with a total length of 32 meters and a width of 6.3 meters. The main arch is also laid vertically side by side, consisting of 2 1 block of vertically side-by-side arch stones, with a span of 26 meters and an arch vector of about 5.2 meters. The span of the bridge deck is very small, almost horizontal, and it is extremely convenient for vehicles to pass through.
There are four small arches on the arch shoulders of the bridge, and the ratio of small arches to large arches is greater than that of Anji Bridge, which is a creative application of craftsmen according to local conditions. Yongtong Bridge is beautifully carved, and there are 22 square columns on both sides of the bridge deck, which are on the existing fence.
The historical story of Zhao Zhouqiao, China is located on the Weihe River in Zhao County, Hebei Province. It was built in the great cause of the Sui Dynasty (58 1-6 18), designed and built by the famous craftsman Li Chun, with a history of about 1400 years ago. This is the world today. 196 1 was listed as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units in the State Council. The immortal mark on the Zhao Zhouqiao mainly refers to the hoofprint left by the legendary Zhang riding a donkey backwards on the bridge; The driveway ditch marks and knee marks on the knees rolled by Chai Wangye's cart crossing the bridge; In order to save the stone bridge, Lu Ban jumped into the river and put his hand on the palm print of the stone bridge. These fairy tales often become one of the most interesting contents for tourists. When he came to Zhao Zhouqiao, he had to look for it first. This is the most famous legend about Zhao Zhouqiao.
According to legend, a long time ago, five miles south of Zhao County, Hebei Province, there was a big river named Yanhe. Weihe River originates from Jingxing Mountain in the west of Hebei Province. In ancient times, its water potential was great. Every summer and autumn, when heavy rain comes, rain and mountain springs flow down together, and several rivers meet along the way to form a turbulent torrent. Therefore, residents and pedestrians on both sides of the Weihe River find it inconvenient.
Lu Ban, a famous craftsman, knows the difficulties of the people of Zhao County. He came all the way here specially to show his superb technology and built this Zhaozhou Dashiqiao overnight.
Zhao Zhouqiao made good news, which soon spread to all directions. Residents from far and near came to visit in surprise. This miracle even shocked one of Zhang. In the wallet on the donkey's back, there is a "sun" on one side and a "moon" on the other side to cross the bridge. That's not enough. Zhang originally wanted to play a joke on Lu Ban. He made an appointment with Chai Rong, pushing a unicycle carrying the "Five Mountains and Famous Mountains" and came to the bridge together. He asked whether the bridge would allow them to walk at the same time. At this time, Luban just built the bridge and was very proud. He said disapprovingly, "Such a strong stone bridge can't stand you two?" Unexpectedly, after they got on the bridge, they crushed it to pieces. Seeing that the situation was not good, Lu Ban jumped off the bridge and held the east side of the bridge with both hands, so that the two immortals passed the Sun Moon and the Five Mountains smoothly. Since then, there have been several "immortals" on the bridge that people talk about; Zhang's donkey's hoofprint and the round pit pressed by his hat; Chai Rong had a knee print and a driveway ditch on one knee because of pushing the cart too hard; And the handprint of Lubanto Bridge. Later, except for the collapse of the east, the handprints were gone, and the rest of the fairy tales "survived." This vivid legend is sung in "Little Cowherd".
The historical value of Zhao Zhouqiao is 1. Zhao Zhouqiao, also known as Anji Bridge, is located on the Chanhe River in Zhao County, Hebei Province, with a river surface width of more than 37 meters. Because the bridge body is made of stone, it is commonly known as "Dashiqiao". Built in the Sui Dynasty, from 595 to 605 AD, it was designed and built by the famous craftsman Li Chun. It has a history of 1400 years. It is the earliest and best preserved ancient single-hole open-shouldered stone arch bridge in the world. Zhao Zhouqiao embodies the wisdom and crystallization of ancient working people, and creates a brand-new situation of bridge construction in China. It took Europe about 1397 (some data are about 700 years) to build a similar stone arch bridge. But there have been three-story stone arch bridges in Europe before.
2. 196 1 was listed as the first batch of national key [1] cultural relics protection units in the State Council, and won one of the top ten city cards in Shijiazhuang on 20 15. It is the first stone arch bridge in China. The first stone arch bridge in the world is Alcantara Bridge in ancient Rome, which was built by Lasse in 98- 105. Since then, Rome has built many stone arch bridges. )。 In the long years, despite numerous floods, wind and rain, ice and snow erosion and eight earthquakes, it stood on the Qingshui River unscathed.
The history or knowledge of Guangfeng Enjiang Bridge in Yongfeng County is called "moonlight on the river bridge", which has been a good place for literati to sing, enjoy the moon and recite poems since ancient times. Enjiang Bridge connects Jichuan Bridge in the north and Zheng Ping Bridge in the south. Built in the first year of Yuan Dynasty, it experienced four stages: pontoon bridge, wooden bridge, stone pier wooden bridge and stone arch bridge, and was destroyed by water, fire and soldiers. 600 years later, Enjiang Bridge with stone arch bridge structure was finally built, spanning the Enjiang River in the southern suburb of the county seat. The bridge is 355.75 meters long, with a clear width of 5.3 meters in the north section, a clear width of 4.5 meters in the south section, a height of 9.5 meters and a span of 10 to 13 meters. Structurally, Enjiang Bridge can be divided into face bridge, body bridge and foundation bridge. Similar water-absorbing animals are embedded in each pier. There is a water-dividing swallowtail pier with a conical water face on the pier, which is majestic and straight, but also breaks the waves, reducing the impulse of the river, giving full play to the self-protection function of the bridge foundation, and making the bridge body safe after 600 years of ups and downs. Today, the bridge deck is a reinforced concrete structure, with cement railings on its wings and lanterns hanging on it, which is very beautiful. Especially unique is that in the center of the bridge, there is a triangular platform, which can be used for both cars and tourists, which is rare on ordinary highway bridges. The whole bridge is like a Dapeng flying high, in the shape of a human, which is very spectacular. It is the second longest stone arch bridge in Jiangxi at present. Whether in ancient times or today, it is the favorite place for tourists to go. "How can the canal be so clear because there is running water at the source?" In the forty-sixth year of Qing Qianlong (6544), there was a continent in the middle of the river surface of Enjiang Bridge, which divided Enjiang into two parts, namely Jichuan River in the north and Xiaojiang River in the south. In the first year of Yuanzhizheng (1264~ 1294), Wang Hui, the rich man in the county, donated 400 mu of land and built a boat on the Jichuan River for the first time as a pontoon bridge. After several ups and downs, it reached the seventeenth year of Qing Shunzhi (65433). Hearing this, he broke his arm and asked him to raise money. He begged around for three months and moved to four townships. The villagers sponsored one after another, and it took seven years to build a 100 meter long stone bridge. After the completion of the bridge, Zhiyuan quietly left the county seat. The citizens of the county read the merits of achieving great success, built the "Hongji Temple" at the bridgehead, and made a statue of achieving great success in the temple to remember their aspirations. Has been passed down to this day. In the 17th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1589), Wuxian ordered the construction of Zheng Ping wooden bridge on Xiaojiang River, which was called Zhengping Bridge in history. In the forty-six years of Qingganlong (178 1), there was a flood, and Jichuan and Xiaojiang merged. Forty-eight years after Qianlong (1783), people in this county were affected. Connect Jichuan Bridge. In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), Liu Shaoshu and his son raised funds independently in Shuangling, and changed the wooden bridge in Zheng Ping into a stone bridge. After eight years, in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Zhengping Stone Bridge was built, which was connected with Jichuan Stone Bridge to build Enjiang Bridge. After the founding of New China, * * allocated special funds since 6544. Reinforced concrete lamp posts were erected on telephone poles, and the bridge deck was paved with cement, and both ends of the bridge were once built 1 bridgehead. As long as you stand on the railing of the triangular platform, Mazhou Orchard in the upper reaches, Yongfeng Bridge, Longpanzhou, Zhuangyuan Building, Baoen Temple Tower, Ouyang Xiu Memorial Hall in the lower reaches, and distant mountains can be seen in the endless white gauze, which seems endless. The river slowly flows westward with moonlight, like a lush green wine pulp, which is intoxicating. Moon shadows, figures, light and shadow, cloud shadows and tree shadows on both sides of the river are reflected on the river, making people feel like they are in a crystal state.
The history of Zhao Zhouqiao's construction is 300 words. Zhao Zhouqiao is the oldest existing single-hole arc open-shouldered stone arch bridge with the largest span in the world.
The material is bluestone. The total length is 64.4m, the height is 8.65m, the width is 9m, the span is 37.02m, the arch vector is 7.23m, and the rise-span ratio is 1:5. 12.
The radius of the soffit line is 27.3 1m, the included angle of the arch center is 85 degrees, 20 minutes and 33 seconds, and the slope of the bridge deck is 6.5%. The main arch of Zhao Zhouqiao is composed of 28 arch coupons side by side, and the arch stone is1.03m thick. The main arch is covered with an arch guard plate with variable thickness, the thickness of the arch foot is 24cm and the thickness of the vault is 16cm.
There are two small arches above the main arch. The clear distance between the two small arches near the arch foot is 3.8 1 m, and the clear distance between the two small arches near the center of the bridge is 2.85 m. The four shouldered arches are also composed of 28 arches in parallel. The arch coupon stone is 65 cm thick, and the arch protecting stone above the small arch is 16 cm thick.
A double-angle silver ingot waist iron connection is embedded between adjacent arch stones. The back of the main arch and four small arches span nine round hat iron tie rods.
On both sides of the bridge, six hook stones extending downward from the outside of 1.8m are placed to strengthen the lateral connection force of the bridge. There are three convex lines on the outside of the main arch parallel to the arch ring, four small arches shrink slightly, and the two lines start from each other. On the top of the main arch and on both sides of the top of the bridge, there is a cornice stone, the cornice height is 38 cm, and the lotus pattern with eight petals is embossed on the upper and outer sides.
There are 2 1 railings and 22 watchposts on both sides of the bridge deck, all of which are embossed on both sides and divided into two types. There are five railings in the middle of both sides, all of which are high relief, with gluttony in the middle, and the rest are all kinds of dragon patterns, with six dragon and bamboo whistles. The north 8 and south 8 on both sides are bucket-rolled leaf-patterned fences, which are also reliefs.
There is a box lip between the mound and the staff, the number of rolled leaves is 2, 3 and 4, and there are 16 slub circles. Zhao Zhouqiao's scientific and technological achievement is to create the world's first open-shouldered arch bridge.
Although the application of circular arch in foreign countries is earlier than that in China (for example, the Fabricus Bridge built in Rome, Italy in 62 BC is a circular arch), its vector is relatively large, close to a semicircle. There is a small arch on the pier but it is not superimposed on the big arch. The big arch is still a real arch.
In France, the Pontugard Waterway Bridge in Roman times was built in BC 167- 158. The top floor is a small arch, which is stacked on the arch below. Although it is like a small arch overlapping a big arch, it still has no shoulders, and the arches are all semicircular arches.
Pontdece'ret Bridge in France, built in 132 1- 1339, is an open-shouldered circular arch with a lower arch close to a semicircle. The real open-shouldered arch did not appear in the west until the19th century.
French engineer Mpaulse'iou-rne' first applied the open-shouldered circular arc type to Dolf Bridge in 1889- 1903. The appearance of Zhao Zhouqiao open-shouldered arch is a milestone in the architectural history of stone arch bridge, and it is a great invention with great significance, which has injected great vitality into the forward development of arch bridge.
The application of Zhao Zhouqiao open-shouldered arch has achieved a series of good results: firstly, the open-shouldered arch reduces the dead weight of the bridge, which not only saves materials, but also reduces the burden of the bridge foundation, and is beneficial to the simplification of the substructure. According to the calculation, Anji Bridge saves stone 15.3% (about 500 tons in weight) compared with the solid shoulder arch, and the vertical pressure and horizontal thrust on the abutment and foundation are greatly reduced due to the reduction of the dead weight of the bridge body, which can make the abutment lightweight.
Moreover, directly built on the natural foundation can also make the abutment move very little and the foundation drop very little, so the internal stress of the arch ring will not increase much. This is an important reason why Anji Bridge will not fail for thousands of years.
Field drilling shows that the abutment structure of Anji Bridge is quite simple. Although the abutments at both ends have been widely used for thousands of years, there is only a tiny phenomenon of walking and sinking, which shows that the design of open shoulders has played a great role. Second, the split shoulder design conforms to the principle of structural mechanics.
According to the checking calculation, due to the addition of four small arches on the arch shoulders and the use of 16-30 cm thin arch stone protection, the arch axis (that is, the center line of the arch ring) is very close to the dead load pressure line, resulting in pressure and minimal tension on each section of the arch ring. As we all know, the compressive strength of arch stones is extremely high, and compression alone is indestructible.
This is another important reason why the main arch ring of Anji Bridge will not fall down for thousands of years. Thirdly, the open-shouldered arch is helpful for flood discharge (the four small arches of Anji Bridge can increase the water area by about 16.5%) and reduce the horizontal thrust of water flow on the bridge.
As Zhang said in the Tang Dynasty, "The four points are embedded in two cliffs, covering and killing the surge of angry water. Although we are pregnant with mountains, we will protect them." In the catastrophic flood of 1963, the peak water level is only over one meter away from the main vault, and all four small arches are flooded, which greatly increases the flood discharge capacity.
Zhao Zhouqiao is the first long-span arch bridge in ancient times, which broke the convention of semi-circular arch in the past and was a leap in the development of arch bridges. The so-called arc is to use the arc segment smaller than the semicircle as the load-bearing structure of the arch bridge.
Therefore, under the same span, the height of the bridge can be greatly reduced than that of the semi-circular arch; On the contrary, the span of a bridge with the same height can be larger than that of a semicircular arch. The combination of the two makes arch bridge technology leap over obstacles.
Zhao Zhouqiao is such a model, with a span of 37.02m, an arch vector of 7.23m and a rise-span ratio of 1:5. 12. It has a long span and a gentle arc (that is, a flat arch), so the bridge deck has a slope of 6.5%, which is convenient for vehicles to pass and ships to sail under the bridge. The abutment of Zhao Zhouqiao is located on natural foundation. It is a huge stone arch bridge and a flat arch bridge. The self-weight of abutment has great horizontal thrust on abutment, so the requirements for abutment structure and foundation will be improved accordingly.
Some people who don't know the foundation of Anji Bridge in modern engineering speculate that the abutment of the bridge must be deep and large, especially the back seat type. The infrastructure must be very complicated, and there are probably piles and the like.
However, through 1979 mechanical drilling and manual pit exploration, the drilling results show that Anji Bridge is a shallow abutment with low arch foot. The abutment is composed of five rows of stone foundations, which is huge in scale, with a total thickness of only 1.57 meters and a length of only about 5 meters from north to south, which is really unexpected.
The bridge foundation is not reinforced, and it is Quaternary alluvium (sub-clay layer), with stable stratum and uniform geology, which is a good natural foundation. The sediment carried by the river upstream gradually silts up, and the riverbed siltation is greater than scouring, which also has a good protective effect on the bridge foundation.
However, it is rare to build such a large-span flat arch stone bridge on such a simple foundation in the history of bridge construction at home and abroad. It shows that ancient bridge builders in China had a profound understanding of hydrology, geology and structural mechanics.