The Great Wall is not a simple isolated wall, but a defense system with the wall as the main body and a large number of cities, obstacles, pavilions and landmarks.
The history of the construction of the Great Wall can be traced back to the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the famous allusion "bonfire drama princes" occurred in Haojing, the capital (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi) originated from this.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, countries competed for hegemony and defended each other. First, the Great Wall was built, but the length of the building was relatively short.
After Qin destroyed the six countries and unified the world, Qin Shihuang connected and repaired the Great Wall of the Warring States Period, which was called the Great Wall of Wan Li.
The Ming Dynasty was the last dynasty to overhaul the Great Wall, and most of the Great Wall seen by people today was built at this time.
Great Wall resources are mainly distributed in Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Henan, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang and other provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities.
Shaanxi Province is the province with the richest resources of the Great Wall in China, with a total length of 1838 km.
According to the results of the national Great Wall resources survey conducted by cultural relics and surveying and mapping departments, the total length of the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty was 885 1.8km, and it was more than 1 1,000 km in Qin and Han Dynasties and its early period, and the total length was more than 2 1 1,000 km.
196 1 On March 4th, the Great Wall was announced by the State Council as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units.
1987 65438+February, the Great Wall was listed as a world cultural heritage.
The Great Wall is an ancient defense project with the longest construction time and the largest engineering quantity in China and even in the world. Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, it has been built continuously for more than 2,000 years, distributed in the vast land in northern and central China, with a total length of more than 50,000 kilometers.
Since Qin Shihuang, almost all dynasties that ruled the Central Plains have built the Great Wall.
There are more than ten dynasties such as Han, Jin, Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing, all of which have built the Great Wall of different scales.
Judging from the ruling nationalities who built the Great Wall, besides the Han nationality, many dynasties in which ethnic minorities ruled China also built the Great Wall, more than those ruled by the Han nationality.
During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, although the construction of the Great Wall was stopped on a large scale, it was later built in some places. It can be said that from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Qing Dynasty, the construction of the Great Wall has never stopped for more than two thousand years.
According to historical documents, more than 20 vassal states and feudal dynasties built the Great Wall. If you add up the Great Wall built in different times, it is more than 10 in Wan Li, and the length of the Great Wall in Qin, Han and Ming dynasties exceeds 1 Wan Li.
China, Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions all have the remains of the ancient Great Wall and beacon towers.
For more than 2,000 years, the construction of the Great Wall in China has basically been recorded, but the names used in the construction and recording of the Great Wall in different dynasties and generations are different. Some of these different names are common to each other in the same historical period, while others are only used in a certain historical period or a certain region.
For more than 2,000 years, the construction of the Great Wall in various periods has basically been recorded, but the names used in the construction and recording of the Great Wall in different dynasties and generations are different. Some of these different names are common to each other in the same historical period, while others are only used in a certain historical period or a certain region.
Great Wall: This is the most common name of the Great Wall.
The Great Wall is a very long wall defensive building, or a defensive building similar to the wall in form and defensive nature.
The name of the Great Wall began in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
"Historical Records of Chu Family" contains: "Qi Xuanwang rides a mountain to build the Great Wall, east to the sea, and west to Jeju to prepare for Chu."
Fangcheng: The Great Wall building is called Fangcheng, which was only used by Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period.
"History of Han Geography" contains: "Ye, the public city of Chu, has the Great Wall,no. Fangcheng." Graben, long graben, urban graben and wall graben: these terms are basically common to each other, and they were almost used from the Warring States to the Ming Dynasty.
When Qin Gongjian built the Great Wall along the Luoshui River in the sixth year (409 years ago), only the word "Luo Qian" was used in Historical Records of Qin Benji. "The Biography of the Northern History of Qidan" records: "Qidan violated the traffic jam and Wendi went west to Pingzhou (now lulong county, Hebei)."
Competition, competition, and off-competition: there are many places where the word "competition" is used in history books. Generally speaking, there are two meanings: one is to express approval.
Some of these passes, called blockades, are just above the Great Wall, while others are far away from it.
Another meaning is on behalf of the Great Wall.
For example, "Historical Records Biography of Xiongnu" said: "The Han Dynasty took the land of Henan and built the north. When the Qin Dynasty was restored, it was blocked by Meng Tian because the river was solid. " "Biography of Wu Huan in the Later Han Dynasty" said: "Qin built the Great Wall and Han built the Great Wall."
The defense engineering building of the Great Wall has accumulated rich experience in the construction process of more than two thousand years.
First of all, in terms of layout, when Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall in Wan Li, he summarized the important experience of "blocking roads because of dangerous terrain", and then Sima Qian wrote in Historical Records. After that, every dynasty built the Great Wall according to this principle, which became an important basis for military protection.
All the passes in Guancheng are built between two high mountains and canyons, or at the bend of a river, or where they will pass through the plain, which can not only control the danger, but also save manpower and material resources, and achieve the effect of "one person guards it, and ten thousand people can't force it".
Building castles or beacon towers in dangerous places is also an option.
As for building city walls, we should make full use of the terrain. For example, Juyongguan, Badaling and other Great Walls are all built along the back of the mountain. Some sections are steep from the outside of the city wall, but very gentle inside, which has the effect of "easy to defend but difficult to attack".
In Liaoning Province, the Great Wall in Liaodong Town in Ming Dynasty had a kind of dangerous mountain wall and split wall, that is, using a steep cliff, splitting the cliff a little, and it became the Great Wall.
Some places completely regard cliffs, rivers and lakes as natural barriers.
Based on the principle of "using local materials and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", many structural methods have been created.
There are rammed earth, rubble, masonry and other structures; In the desert, willow branches, reeds and sand grains are also used, and this section of the Great Wall of the Western Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago is still preserved in Yumenguan, Yangguan, Xinjiang and other places in Gansu.
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Thirty years ago, China joined and became a party to the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, and then the Great Wall of Wan Li became the first batch of world cultural heritage in China, and was successfully declared as the first place.
Over the past 30 years, the world-famous Great Wall in Wan Li has attracted more and more tourists, and the image of the Great Wall is also printed on the back of everyone's ID card in China.
But as a shining business card of China, many people don't know much about the Great Wall, and there are some cognitive misunderstandings in some common sense.