Unit 1: Exploration of Soviet Socialist Road (P1-1)

The first lesson, Russian October Revolution (P2-6)

1, February Revolution: ① Time:1965438+March 2007; ② Nature: bourgeois democratic revolution; Results: The autocratic rule of the Tsar was overthrown and the bourgeois provisional government was established. (4) After the February Revolution, two regimes coexisted: the bourgeois provisional government (the main regime) and the workers and soldiers representing the Soviet Union.

2. The outbreak and victory of the October Revolution:1917165438+1October 6, Petrograd armed uprising,165438+1October 7, Petrograd armed uprising won. Participants: workers and revolutionary soldiers. Features: riots in central cities, armed seizure of power. Nature: proletarian revolution (socialist revolution). Mission: to overthrow the interim government. Results: The provisional government was overthrown and the first proletarian regime in the world-Soviet Russia was born.

3. Establishment and consolidation of the first proletarian regime in the world: After the victory of Petrograd armed uprising, Russia established the Soviet regime of workers and peasants-People's Committee, and Lenin was elected as its chairman. From 19 17 to 1920, after three years of hard civil war, Soviet Russia smashed foreign armed intervention and the outbreak of domestic counter-revolution, won the civil war and consolidated the first proletarian regime in the world.

4. Historical significance of the victory of the October Revolution: ① The October Revolution was the first socialist revolution that won victory in human history. (2) It promoted the birth of Soviet Russia, the first socialist country in the world. It dealt a heavy blow to imperialist rule, promoted the development of international socialist movement and inspired the liberation struggle of colonial and semi-colonial people.

Lesson Two: Soviet Union's Exploration of Socialist Construction Road (P7- 1 1)

1, Lenin's exploration of socialist road and its enlightenment;

Background: After the civil war, Soviet Russia entered a period of peaceful construction. The first task facing the Soviet regime is to restore the economy seriously damaged by the war.

(2) Lenin's exploration: Under the leadership of Lenin, in 192 1, the Soviet Union and Russia began to implement a new economic policy, allowing multiple economies to coexist, vigorously developing the commodity economy, and promoting the recovery and development of the national economy. The new economic policy is to use commodity economy and diversified economy to develop the economy.

③ Effect: It has promoted the rapid recovery and development of Soviet Russian national economy. By 1927, the national economy has returned to the pre-war level 19 13.

Enlightenment: Socialist construction must proceed from China's basic national conditions, persist in seeking truth from facts, and act according to the objective laws of economic development. Lenin's spirit of seeking truth from facts and being brave in innovation in exploring the socialist road is worth learning.

2. The Soviet Union was founded:1At the end of 922, the Soviet Socialist Union was established. (First in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus and Transcaucasia-later increased to 15)

3. Socialist construction in the Soviet Union:

(1) Soviet industrialization: From 1928 to 1933, under the leadership of Stalin, the Soviet people successively completed the first and second five-year plans, focusing on the development of heavy industry. After the completion of these two five-year plans, the Soviet Union changed from a traditional agricultural country to an industrial power, and its national defense force was greatly strengthened.

② The formation of the Soviet socialist construction model-Stalin model: 1936, the Soviet Union adopted a new constitution and declared it a "socialist country of workers and peasants". The formulation of the new constitution marks the formation of a highly centralized economic and political system in the Soviet Union. This system is also called "Stalin model".

③ Evaluation of Stalin's model:

On the one hand, surrounded by imperialism and relatively backward domestic economy and culture, the Soviet Union has rapidly developed into an advanced industrialized country, and its national defense strength has been greatly strengthened, laying the foundation for the Soviet Union to defeat German fascist aggression in the future. Therefore, it played a positive role in the Soviet Union in a certain historical stage.

On the other hand, this model also has serious drawbacks: first, give priority to the development of heavy industry, leaving agriculture and light industry in a backward state for a long time; Second, under the planned economy system, one-sided emphasis on output value and output has led to fewer varieties and poor quality of products; The third country took too many things from farmers, which seriously harmed their interests. Farmers have no enthusiasm for production and agricultural output has stagnated for a long time. Fourth, extensive economic development, low economic benefits, and massive consumption and waste of resources have seriously hindered the further development of the Soviet Union in the long run.

Unit 2: The World under the Versailles-Washington System

The third lesson is the formation of the Versailles-Washington system (P 14- 19).

1, Paris peace conference and the formation of Versailles system: (1) Paris peace conference (191-6): three giants-French Prime Minister Clemenceau, British Prime Minister Lloyd George and American President Wilson (see figure P

Objective: The victorious allies made arrangements for the post-war world in order to conclude a peace treaty.

② The main content of the Treaty of Versailles: Territory: Alsace and Lorraine were recovered by France. Military: Germany prohibits compulsory military service and air force. The number of military personnel shall not exceed 65,438+10,000; Within 50 kilometers of the east bank of the Rhine, Germany shall not be fortified. Politics: Germany recognizes and respects Austria's independence. Indemnity: The Allies set up an Indemnity Committee to decide the total amount of German war reparations. Colonies: All overseas colonies of Germany were divided up by countries such as Britain, France and Japan. (See figure P 15 for signing the Treaty of Versailles and the right picture)

(3) The nature of the peace conference: it is a meeting of defeated imperialist powers to carve up the world, which is best reflected in the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles on colonial issues.

④ Influence on China: The Treaty of Versailles stipulates that all German rights and interests in Shandong, China shall be inherited by Japan. This aroused the great indignation of the people of China and triggered the May 4th Movement against imperialism, and representatives of the China government finally refused to sign the peace treaty.

(2) Establishment of Versailles System: From 19 19 to 1920, the victorious allies signed a series of peace treaties with Germany, Austria, Turkey, Bulgaria and other defeated countries, which together with the Treaty of Versailles constituted the Versailles system. The Versailles system established a new order of imperialist rule in Europe, West Asia and Africa.

2. Washington Conference and the establishment of Washington system;

(1) Washington meeting:191922 representatives of the United States, Britain, France, Japan, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal and China held a meeting in Washington.

Objective: To coordinate the contradictions among imperialist countries in East Asia and the Pacific (especially the United States and Japan).

② The Nine-Nation Convention and Its Influence on China: 1922, the representatives of nine countries attending the Washington Conference signed the Nine-Nation Convention on China. This convention claims to respect China's sovereign independence and territorial integrity, and abides by the principles of "open door" and "equal opportunity" for all China countries. This actually facilitated the expansion of the United States in China.

③ Establishment of the Washington System: The imperialist countries signed a series of treaties through the Washington Conference, which constituted the Washington System. It established the ruling order of imperialism in East Asia and the Pacific.

3. New international pattern after World War I: Through the Paris Peace Conference and the Washington Conference, the imperialist powers established the Versailles-Washington system, which constituted a new international pattern after World War I. ..

4. How to understand that the Versailles-Washington system cannot last long?

The Versailles-Washington system is the result of the re-division of the world by post-war imperialist countries. Because the victorious country plundered the defeated country, it intensified the contradiction between the defeated country and the victorious country; Due to the uneven distribution of spoils, the contradiction between the victorious countries has further intensified; In addition, the plundering of colonial and semi-colonial people by victorious countries also intensified the contradiction between colonial people and colonists. Therefore, this system has not fundamentally eliminated the contradictions between imperialist countries, nor can it be maintained for a long time.

Lesson Four, Great Economic Crisis and Roosevelt's New Deal (P20-23)

1, the relatively stable period of capitalism: 1924- 1929.

Period of capitalist economic crisis: ① Time:1929-1933; 2 fuse: NYSE shares plummeted. Country: The United States began to sweep the capitalist world. ④ Features: It involves a wide range, lasts for a long time and is particularly destructive.

2. Impact of the crisis: ① The broad masses of the people suffered greatly. In the whole capitalist world, there are more than 30 million unemployed workers, the wages of employed workers have fallen sharply, and the broad masses of working people are hungry and displaced; The serious economic crisis triggered the political crisis in capitalist countries. In capitalist countries, social contradictions are acute, political situation is turbulent, and the capitalist system and bourgeois rule are in serious crisis.

3. Roosevelt's New Deal: ① Time: 1933, Roosevelt announced the implementation of the New Deal. Objective: To adjust within capitalism and strengthen the state's intervention and guidance in the economy, so as to eliminate the economic crisis. ③ Measures: The central government's measures are to adjust industries, rectify banks, restore bank credit, let farmers reduce arable land in large quantities, slaughter livestock, and make great efforts to build public works with government subsidies. (4) Impact: The American economy recovered slowly, people's lives improved, and the capitalist system was adjusted, consolidated and developed; The macro-control ability and management of capitalist countries have been strengthened; The power of the American federal government has been significantly enhanced. (5) Roosevelt's New Deal is mainly to strengthen the state's intervention and guidance in the economy without changing the capitalist system. (function)

The fifth lesson, rampant fascist forces (P25-29)

1, the establishment of Nazi regime in Germany:

(1) Background: ① Nazi forces led by Hitler grew with the economic crisis of 29-33. The deceptive propaganda activities carried out by the Nazi Party won the trust of many middle and lower class people. (3) the political and economic support of the ruling class and monopoly capitalists.

(2) Establishment process: Hitler took office for 33 years, had the power of president and prime minister, and claimed to be the head of state (the symbol of German fascism and the symbol of the formation of world war in Europe).

Measures: ① Create arson in Congress, and attack and persecute * * * producers and progressives. (2) Dissolution of trade unions and all other political parties. Strengthen ideological control, ③ burn a lot of books. Persecute Jews.

2. The establishment of Italian fascist regime:

① Time:1922; ② Symbol: Fascists marched into Rome. 3 fascist leader: Mussolini.

3, the establishment of Japanese fascism:

(1) main force: military department. (2)2.26 mutiny: ① Time: February 26th, 36 ② Event: Young soldiers of the Japanese military department launched a mutiny. (3) Impact: The establishment of the fascist dictatorship of the Japanese military department marked the formation of the world war in Asia.

4. Different ways, causes and effects of Germany and Germany getting rid of the crisis:

① Different ways: the United States got rid of the crisis through Roosevelt's New Deal and retained the capitalist democratic system; Germany established a fascist dictatorship in an attempt to get rid of the crisis through foreign aggression and expansion.

② Reasons: Germany has a tradition of militarism and the United States has a tradition of democracy; The United States has strong economic strength and strong endurance, and can get rid of the crisis through reform. Germany was defeated in World War I and its economic foundation was weak. The bourgeoisie is eager to get rid of the crisis by extreme methods of aggression and expansion. The personal roles of Roosevelt and Hitler.

(3) Influence: American economy recovered, class contradictions eased, and democratic system was preserved, which contributed to the victory of the later anti-fascist war; Germany, on the other hand, embarked on the militaristic road of aggression and expansion, becoming the source and main initiator of the world war, which brought disaster to itself and the people of the world.

Unit 3: World War II (1939.9- 1945.9)

Lesson 6: The outbreak of the Second World War.

The first country annexed by Germany after Hitler came to power was Austria (before World War II).

1, appeasement policies of western powers such as Britain and France: In 1930s, German, Japanese and Italian fascists continued their aggression activities all over the world, which harmed the interests of western powers to some extent. Western powers are dissatisfied with the aggression of fascist countries, but they are afraid of the war blackmail of fascist countries. They want to lead the disaster to the east and the German aggression to the Soviet Union. Therefore, the western powers such as Britain and France did not impose severe sanctions on the fascist aggression of Germany, Japan and Italy, but hoped to appease the aggressors at the expense of the interests of weak countries. This policy is called "appeasement policy".

The purpose of appeasement policy is to bring disaster to the East and lead German aggression to the Soviet Union.

2. The influence of appeasement policy: on the one hand, it makes fascist countries push their luck and expand their aggressive ambitions; On the other hand, it also greatly weakened the anti-fascist forces.

3. Munich Crisis: 1938 In September, the heads of government of Germany, Italy, Britain and France signed an agreement in Munich, Germany, stipulating that Czechoslovakia must cede Sudetenland and other places to the United States within 10 days. Historically, this incident was called "Munich Crisis", which indicated that the western powers such as Britain and France pushed the appeasement policy to the peak.

4. The full-scale outbreak and expansion of the Second World War:

The symbol of the full-scale outbreak of World War II: 1 September 19391day, Germany launched a sudden attack on Poland, and the United States and France were forced to declare war on Germany, and World War II broke out in an all-round way.

1940 The Germans occupied France's western and northern European countries. Its appeasement policy has its own consequences.

1941June, Germany launched a surprise attack on the Soviet union, and the Soviet patriotic war began. 194 1.6 defended the victory of Moscow, defeated the myth that the Germans were invincible in the world, and made the military and the land fail once.

The scale of World War II was further expanded:19411On February 7th, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, the US Pacific military base, and severely damaged the US Pacific fleet. 12 On February 8, the United States declared war on Japan, and the scale of World War II was further expanded.

Lesson 7: Victory in the World Anti-Fascist War

5, the establishment of the international anti-fascist alliance:

BACKGROUND: The wanton aggression of fascist countries aroused the general anger of people all over the world. In order to deal with the enemies of the same country, the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union and other countries are gradually moving towards unity.

② Establishment: On June 1942 65438+ 10/day, representatives from 2 6 countries, including the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union and China, held a meeting in Washington, D.C. During the meeting, all countries signed the United Nations Declaration (symbol) and promised to unite all human and material resources to defeat the fascist countries.

③ Influence: United the anti-fascist forces, and laid the foundation for finally and thoroughly defeating the fascist aggressors.

6. Yalta Conference and its influence;

(1) Yalta Conference:1In February, 945, the heads of the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, held a meeting in Yalta, the Soviet Union. The contents are as follows: a. After the meeting decided to defeat Germany, it was necessary to occupy Germany militarily and completely destroy German fascism. B. At the same time, it was decided to establish the United Nations. C. The Soviet Union promised to fight against Japan within three months after Germany surrendered.

② Influence: It further coordinated the actions of anti-fascist countries and created conditions for the complete defeat of fascist countries. At the same time, it also had a great impact on the world pattern after World War II.

7. Turning point of World War II:1942-1943 In February, Soviet troops won the battle of Stalingrad. This battle became a turning point in World War II.

8. Opening up the Second Battlefield in Europe:1On June 6, 944, the Allied Forces organized the Normandy Landing War, which opened up the Second Battlefield in Europe. The opening of the second battlefield put fascist Germany in a position of being attacked from both sides, which accelerated the collapse of fascist Germany.

9. Victory in the Anti-Fascist War:1On May 8, 945, Germany officially signed the surrender book, and the European War of World War II ended. 1August 945 15, Japanese fascists declared unconditional surrender. On September 2, Japan officially signed the surrender book, and World War II ended.

10, the causes and nature of the outbreak of World War II:

(1) Reasons: ① The fundamental reason is the unbalanced political and economic development of imperialist countries. After World War I, Germany's economic and military strength grew rapidly, and it strongly demanded to carve up the world again and compete for world hegemony. Italy and Japan were not satisfied with the results of spoils sharing after World War I, but tried to establish regional hegemony and provoke the outbreak of war. ② The direct cause is the economic crisis of 1929- 1933. This economic crisis led to the establishment of fascist dictatorship, further aroused the desire of fascist countries for foreign aggression and expansion, and accelerated the outbreak of war. In addition, the appeasement policy adopted by western powers further expanded the aggressive ambition of fascist countries and played a catalytic role in the outbreak of war.

(2) Nature: This is an anti-fascist war of the people of the world.

1 1, the influence of World War II:

(1) Negative effects: Tens of millions of people lost their lives and countless properties were destroyed, which brought unprecedented disasters to the world.

(2) Positive effects: ① After the end of World War II, some wartime military technologies were quickly converted to civilian use, which promoted the emergence and development of the third scientific and technological revolution. For example, atomic bomb technology led to the application of atomic energy, and missile technology led to the development of space technology. Influenced by the Soviet Union, a series of socialist countries were born in the world after World War II, which promoted the vigorous development of the socialist movement. (For example, China, Viet Nam, North Korea, Mongolia and eight countries in Eastern Europe embarked on the socialist road after World War II. It dealt a heavy blow to imperialist countries such as Britain and France and promoted the national liberation movement of colonial and semi-colonial people. (For example, India, Pakistan, Egypt, Namibia and other countries embarked on the road of independence after World War II. )

12, the reasons for the victory of the world anti-fascist war and its enlightenment;

(1) The reasons for the victory of the world anti-fascist war are: ① the just war of the people of the world against fascist aggression; (2) Anti-fascist countries have established alliances; (3) The strength of the anti-fascist alliance greatly exceeds that of the fascist countries.

(2) Enlightenment: Imperialism is the root of war; Unity is strong; Justice will surely triumph over evil; War has brought great disasters to mankind. We should love peace and oppose war.

Unit 4: Development and changes of major capitalist countries after the war.

First, the development of American economy.

1 In 1950s and 1960s, the main reasons for the sustained development of American economy were as follows: ① occupying a vast international market; Vigorously develop science and technology education, make use of high-tech achievements, improve the production technology of traditional industries, and develop emerging industries and military industries; The government actively takes measures to improve people's lives and create a more favorable development environment.

2. Crisis and adjustment in 1970s and 1980s: In 1970s, the disadvantages of American economic development were increasingly exposed. In particular, because the oil-producing countries in the Middle East greatly raised oil prices, the world economic crisis of 1974- 1975 was triggered, and the American economy was severely hit and its economic status declined. After the mid-1980s, the American government adjusted its economic policy, and the economic situation gradually improved, but the debt burden increased, making it the largest debtor country in the world.

3. The emergence of the new economy: ① Reasons: In the 1990s, while carrying out social and economic reforms, the American government increased the development of education and science and technology, and promoted the development of high technology represented by the information industry. At the same time, the technological transformation of traditional industries has also been completed. The American economy has entered a new economic era. ② Main features: informationization and globalization.

Secondly, the European Union.

1. The main reasons for the rapid economic development of western European countries after World War II are as follows: ① The United States has given a lot of assistance to western European countries; ② Western European countries take advantage of high-quality labor and actively adopt the most advanced scientific and technological achievements; ③ Formulate appropriate economic policies.

2. EU:

① The reason why western European countries established the euro body: With the development of economy, the links between western European countries are getting closer and closer. In order to revitalize the economy, safeguard their own security and interests, and improve their international status, western European countries have established the euro body.

② Establishment of the European Union: 1993, Western European countries established the European Union on the basis of the European entity, referred to as the EU for short. After the establishment of the European Union, the old member countries shared resources and complemented each other, which was conducive to economic development and made the EU the largest economy in the world.

3. The rise of Japan

① The reasons for Japan's rapid economic development after World War II: a. The United States carried out social reforms and implemented a demilitarization policy in Japan; B in 1950s, the United States began to support Japan for its own strategic needs; C. After the Korean War broke out, the United States purchased a large number of military materials in Japan, which stimulated the prosperity of Japan's economy; D Japan has formulated appropriate economic policies, introduced the latest scientific and technological achievements, and vigorously developed education and technology. (2) Japan's rise as the second largest economy in the world: in the 1950s, Japan's economy developed at a high speed, and in the 1970s, Japan became the second largest capitalist economy after the United States.

4. The same reasons for the rapid economic development of Japan and Western Europe after World War II and its reference significance to China;

Similarly: American support or assistance; Actively introduce advanced scientific and technological achievements and vigorously develop education and science and technology; Formulate appropriate economic policies.

② Reference to China: We should actively open to the outside world and introduce the most advanced scientific and technological achievements in the world; Vigorously develop education and science and technology and implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education; It is necessary to further deepen reform and formulate appropriate economic policies.

Unit 5: Reform and Evolution of Socialist Countries

I. Reform and disintegration of the Soviet Union

Khrushchev's reform: After Khrushchev came to power, he carried out some economic and political reforms in view of some disadvantages of Stalin's period. Results: The Stalin model was impacted to some extent, but the highly centralized political and economic system of the Soviet Union was not fundamentally changed. Later, contradictions became increasingly prominent.

Soviet Union Disintegration: Gorbachev Reform: Process: 1985. After Gorbachev came to power, he first focused on economic reform, but failed to achieve results. Elbachev turned the focus of reform to politics. Results: The political system of the Soviet Union changed dramatically, the one-party system became a multi-party system, and the state power was dispersed. The trend of countries joining the Soviet Union has been strengthened.

August 19 Incident: 19919 August/2009, some Soviet leaders formed the "National Emergency Committee" and launched a coup. He tried to "get the country and society out of the crisis as soon as possible", but he soon failed. Influence: Gorbachev actually lost his prestige and ability to lead the country, and Yeltsin took control of the overall situation. Its original intention was to maintain the Soviet Union, but it directly led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union and became a catalyst for the accelerated disintegration of the Soviet Union.

The establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States marked the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Disintegration time: 199 1 end. (1922 ——1991year)

Reasons for the disintegration of the Soviet Union: rigid political and economic system; Social crisis caused by serious economic crisis; Gorbachev's wrong reform line, principles and policies; The intensification of social contradictions and ethnic contradictions; The peaceful evolution policy of western capitalist countries. Second, the drastic changes in Eastern Europe.

1, drastic changes in eastern Europe: Since the second half of 1989, the situation in eastern European countries has changed suddenly. Within a year, all the countries that have been in power for more than 40 years have lost their political power and the socialist system has also changed.

2. The reasons for the drastic changes in Eastern Europe: ① The long-term highly centralized economic management system has hindered economic development and led to serious economic difficulties in the country; The increasingly serious economic difficulties have triggered a serious social crisis; (3) The Soviet Union relaxed its control over Eastern European countries.

3. Enlightenment from the drastic changes in Eastern Europe: ① We should adhere to the road of building socialism with China characteristics and adhere to the independent principles and policies; Give full play to the superiority of the socialist system and constantly improve people's living standards; (3) Strengthen Party building, always maintain the advanced nature of the Party and safeguard its leading position; (4) Strengthen the construction of socialist democracy and legal system, and adhere to the rule of law.

Unit 6: Independence and Revitalization of Asian, African and Latin American Countries

I. Independence and revitalization of Asian countries

1, partition of India: 1947, Britain was forced to agree to India's independence, but decided to divide India into two countries, India and Pakistan, and implement partition.

2. India-Pakistan conflict: The partition of India has caused serious contradictions and conflicts between Hindus and Muslims, and the ownership of Kashmir has caused serious opposition between India and Pakistan.

Second, the wave of African national independence.

1, Egyptian independence: 1952, an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution broke out in Egypt. The revolutionary forces headed by Nasser launched an armed uprising and won the real independence of Egypt.

2. Year of African independence: 1960, 17. Historically, this year was called the Year of African Independence.

3. Namibia's independence and its significance: 1990, Namibia gained independence. This marks the end of the five-century history of European colonists' aggression and slavery in Africa, and the imperialist colonial system in Africa finally collapsed.

Three. Latin American people's struggle to defend national sovereignty: Cuban revolution: 1959, Cuban revolution (leader Castro) broke out and embarked on the socialist road. 1999, the Panamanian people won the struggle to recover the sovereignty of the canal.

Fourth, the Middle East issue.

1. The Middle East War broke out: After World War I, Britain gained the "mandated sovereignty" in the Palestinian area, supported the Zionist movement, and a large number of exiled Jews moved to Palestine. After World War II, with the support of the United States, Britain and other countries, the United Nations ignored the strong opposition of Arab countries and adopted the resolution of "partition" the Palestinian area. Later, with the establishment of the Jewish State of Israel, many wars broke out between Arab countries and Israel, which was called the Middle East War in history, and the Middle East problem arose.

2. Reasons for the long-term turmoil in the Middle East: The long-term turmoil in the Middle East is due to the complicated contradictions in this region. On the one hand, due to historical, religious, racial and other factors, there are serious contradictions in the Middle East. On the other hand, the geographical position and strategic position of the Middle East are very important, and the oil resources are very rich, which is a battleground for world powers in various historical periods. The intervention of foreign forces makes the contradictions in this area more complicated. The key to the Middle East issue is the Palestinian-Israeli issue.

Unit 7: the evolution of the post-war world pattern

First, the "cold war" policy of the United States and the formation of the bipolar pattern;

1. The reason why the United States implemented the Cold War policy: After World War II, the United States ranked first in the world in economic and military strength, and its ambition to dominate the world was increasing day by day, but it had to face up to socialist countries such as the Soviet Union. In order to "contain" materialism, the United States put forward a "cold war" policy.

2. Time and symbol of the beginning of the cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union:1In March 1947, the introduction of Truman Doctrine marked the official breakdown of the wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union and the beginning of the cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union.

3. The concrete manifestations of American cold war policy: ① Politically, Truman Doctrine; (2) Economically, Marshall Plan was formulated; Militarily, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was established.

4. The influence of the cold war policy on the world pattern: With the introduction of the cold war policy of the United States, the Soviet Union also took a series of tit-for-tat measures to confront it, which led to the formation of a bipolar pattern of confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in the world.

5. The influence of US-Soviet hegemony and hegemonic policy on the world: In the 1950s, after Soviet leader Khrushchev came to power, he began to compete with the United States for world hegemony, which led to US-Soviet hegemony for more than 30 years. The hegemonic policy of the United States and the Soviet Union has brought a heavy military burden to the two countries, hindered economic development and brought great harm to world peace and security.

Second, the evolution of the world political structure:

1. Evolution of world political pattern: With the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the bipolar pattern of confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union no longer exists, temporarily forming a situation of "one superpower and many powers". The world political pattern is developing towards multipolarization, but a new and relatively stable world pattern has not yet been finalized.

2. Determinants of the evolution of the world political pattern: In the process of forming the new world pattern, economic strength is playing an increasingly decisive role. All countries are committed to long-term, stable and sustained economic development and strive to occupy a favorable position in the new world structure.

3. The main factors affecting world security and peace in today's world are: ① regional conflicts, ethnic conflicts and religious disputes; Hegemonism uses and intervenes in these contradictions and disputes, turning them into international conflicts and directly threatening world peace.

Third, economic globalization:

1. The formation of economic globalization: Since the 1980s and 1990s, the economic ties among countries in the world have become increasingly close, and it is impossible for any country's economy to develop in isolation, and the world economy has increasingly become a whole.

2. The performance of economic globalization: the rapid growth of international investment and trade; The influence of multinational corporations is increasing, and the globalization trend of life activities is accelerating. In addition, the establishment of the World Trade Organization is also an important embodiment of economic globalization.

3. Impact: ① The obstacles to economic exchanges between countries are gradually reduced, and enterprises can organize economic activities around the world more and more according to their own needs, thus promoting economic development. ② In the process of economic globalization, the economies of various countries are interdependent and competitive with each other. However, developing countries are often at a disadvantage in international competition because of their relatively weak scientific and technological level and economic strength. On the one hand, multinational corporations often transfer some low-tech and polluting enterprises from developed countries to developing countries, which brings serious environmental pollution to developing countries; On the other hand, the impact of international economic risks on developing countries has further increased.

4. The influence of economic globalization on China: While conforming to the trend of economic globalization, China formulated effective measures to prevent risks, introduced foreign capital and technology, and learned advanced economic management experience, which promoted the rapid economic development.

Unit 8 Modern Science, Technology and Culture

I. The Third Scientific and Technological Revolution

1, Rise: Since the 1940s and 1950s, mankind has made great breakthroughs in the fields of atomic energy, computer, aerospace technology and bioengineering technology, marking the arrival of a new scientific and technological revolution.

2. Core: The widespread use of electronic computers.

3. Features: ① This scientific and technological revolution not only produced a large number of scientific and technological achievements, but also greatly accelerated the transformation of science and technology into productive forces and shortened the process of transforming knowledge into wealth; (2) The fields of science and technology permeate each other, and the development of one technology leads to several technological revolutions; (3) New technology has become the most active factor in social productivity. Among various factors that promote economic growth, the proportion of scientific and technological progress is rising.

4. Impact: ① Promoting the unprecedented development of social productive forces; ② It has caused changes in the world economic structure and the international economic structure. All countries in the world are vigorously developing high technology and improving their position in the international structure, thus promoting the multipolarization of the world economic structure.

5. Enlightenment: The third scientific and technological revolution shows that science and technology are the primary productive forces. China must vigorously develop science, technology and education, implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, and build an innovative country.