In ancient matriarchal clan society, the standard of reproduction and production is the standard of beauty. A stout woman was the most beautiful in the aesthetic concept of human beings at that time. The modeling feature of the Neolithic Statue of Goddess that we see is strong and sturdy. Limited by material conditions, women's clothing or decorations at that time were very simple and practical. However, from archaeological excavations, it was found that some simple bone or wooden ornaments still reflected women's pursuit and admiration for beauty at that time.
the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
This period has been called by some historians as one of the four turning points of China's ancient aesthetic changes. In this era, China society gradually changed from slavery to feudalism. People in the period of social transformation will have great changes in aesthetic standards. The aesthetic concept of "softness and obedience" advocated by men prevails, while the aesthetic consciousness of "exquisiteness and delicacy" prevails among literati. People pay attention to women's facial images, and "delicate and delicate" women are regarded as beautiful women. At that time, due to the hegemony of the seven chivalrous men, the contention of a hundred schools of thought and academic contention, the ideologies of different factions infiltrated into aesthetic thoughts and produced different aesthetic opinions. Han Dynasty
During the Han Dynasty, women with beauty and wisdom were recognized by people. Because women's beauty at that time had not achieved independent value, although people appreciated women's beauty, they emphasized morality more and showed a tendency to suppress beauty with virtue. In the post-Han Three Kingdoms period, people's appreciation of beauty was metaphysical, and aesthetics reached a philosophical height that is still unattainable, among which Cao Zhi's Ode to Luoshen is the representative. Some social habits in this period continued the style of the Warring States and Qin Dynasties. Women's headdresses are relatively small, and their hairstyles are basically downward, which is natural and simple and has no aesthetic feeling. Clothing design is also based on functionality, and luxurious clothing can only be seen in the court. The most interesting thing is the makeup on women's faces in the Han Dynasty: women painted their faces white and their lips red, with a small outline. This shows that "face as thick as fat" and "cherry mouth" have gradually become the basic style of ancient female beauty. Wei, Jin, southern and northern dynasties
This is also one of the four turning points of China's ancient aesthetic changes, and it is a famous period of great ethnic integration in the history of China. Wei and Jin Dynasties were the most chaotic economic and political times in China's history, but they were extremely free and liberated spiritually, most enthusiastic and full of individual aesthetic consciousness. With the collapse of Confucian classics in Han Dynasty, people's personality was liberated, Buddhism began to prevail, and the beauty of natural elegance prevailed for a while. The beauty of women began to gain independent value and be appreciated and cherished. Xun can once said that "women's virtue is insufficient, and sex is the main thing." The criteria for judging female beauty also tend to be external personality and exquisiteness. In such a social environment, women began to consciously pursue beauty. Most women in this period wore long-sleeved and short-sleeved dresses. The waist is tied tightly with a "waist hug" and decorated with a belt. At that time, it was also popular to wear flower pins and "walk" on the head, which made the clothes flutter and the rings jingle, further emphasizing the gentleness and charm of women. Therefore, advocating personality beauty and natural beauty became the aesthetic standard at that time. Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties
Compared with any previous dynasty, the Tang Dynasty has added new aesthetic factors and colors. The aesthetic taste of the Tang Dynasty changed from the previous emphasis on reproduction, objectivity, spirit and form to the later emphasis on subjectivity, art and feminine beauty, which reflected the precipitation of aesthetic consciousness in the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties, and the aesthetic angle gradually became gorgeous and beautiful. Because the Sui and Tang Dynasties were the heyday of China's feudal society and its national strength was strong, the beauty of women also showed a graceful scene. That is to say, we usually say that women in the Tang Dynasty took fat as beauty. The broad forehead, round face, plump sensuality, towering bun, fluttering silks and satins are gorgeous and generous, which fully embodies the "prosperous weather of Tang Dynasty".
Their clothes are the boldest and sexiest among women in China. Clothing not only continues the elegant feeling of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but also adds gorgeous beauty. The exposure of women's clothing was unprecedented in ancient China. In the Tang Dynasty, women were very particular about makeup. At that time, it was popular to draw thick moth-winged eyebrows and tall eyebrows, which added more charm to women. In the early Tang Dynasty, it was most popular to insert a red or yellow "flower" on the forehead as a decoration. "Flowers" have different shapes, mainly leaves or flowers. In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, women painted flowers and birds on their faces or on papers and scrolls to show their beauty. Song and Yuan Dynasties
Due to the influence of politics, economy, culture and many other aspects, Song people began to advocate the beauty of simplicity and elegance. Feminine beauty has changed from gorgeous and open to elegant and introverted. Feminine beauty is generally based on the original appearance of Guanyin Bodhisattva, and people's requirements for beautiful women gradually tend to be tender and delicate: cutting shoulders, flat chest, bending over and slim feet. In the Song Dynasty, the wind of foot-binding spread all over the people, and "three-inch golden lotus" became the basic requirement for female beauty. The jewelry named "Corolla" worn by women in Song Dynasty was very popular and beautifully made, which added charming temperament to women in this era. The cosmetic powder used by women in the Song Dynasty has been made into powder blocks, each with a diameter of about 3 cm, which are round, square, quadrilateral, hexagonal, sunflower petal-shaped and so on. The surface of each powder block is also printed with concave and convex plum, orchid and lotus patterns. In the Yuan Dynasty, although the society in China was not ruled by the Han people, foreigners did not have much influence on the aesthetics and beauty of the Han people. Ming and Qing dynasties
With the germination of capitalism, people's aesthetic taste began to drift with the tide. However, the standard of female beauty is still not much different from that of the previous dynasty. However, there are more and more social constraints on women, which are manifested in women's hair accessories, clothing and so on. In the Ming Dynasty, women's hairstyles were rigid, their clothes were tightly wrapped, and they had no personality at all. It can be said that women's beauty was wrapped tightly. It was not until the end of the Ming Dynasty that some characteristics were gradually acquired. In the Qing Dynasty, the beauty of reservation and restraint was still the basis of female beauty. Juck Zhang, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, also mentioned in A Dream Shadow that the so-called beauty takes flowers as its posture, birds as its sound, the moon as its god, vitamins as its bones, ice and snow as its skin, autumn water as its posture and poetry as its heart. Through vivid metaphors, we can see that a scholar needs both internal and external aesthetic standards. This aesthetic consciousness has been maintained until the Republic of China. Historical changes of "China's beauty"
Strong and healthy-exquisite and delicate-natural and elegant-elegant-slim and charming
How have people governed the Yellow River since ancient times and how have they changed? The Yellow River has the largest sediment concentration in the world, and its sediment concentration is 68 times that of the Yangtze River. Every year, the total weight of sediment brought to the downstream from the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River is 65.438+0.6 billion tons, of which 65.438+0.2 billion tons move to the sea and 400 million tons are deposited in the downstream. The problem lies in this 400 million tons of sediment. It makes the bed of the Yellow River rise year by year. As a result, some river sections are 3-4 meters higher than the farmland on both sides of the river, and some are even higher than 10 meter, making the Yellow River a suspended river. Every flood season, dams in these areas of the Yellow River are easy to burst, causing terrible floods.
According to the research of scientists, the Yellow River has changed for two reasons. 1. Since the Qin Dynasty, the temperature in the Loess Plateau has turned cold and the rainstorm has been concentrated. Coupled with the loose structure of loess itself, it is easy to be eroded and collapsed, which contributes to soil erosion and makes a lot of sediment enter the Yellow River. Second, the rapid population growth, unrestricted land reclamation and grazing, caused the destruction of forests, grasslands, green vegetation, and the loss of natural protective layer on the Loess Plateau, resulting in serious soil erosion. Every year, 4,000 tons of precious soil is eroded every square kilometer in the Yellow River Basin, which is equivalent to destroying 5.5 million mu of cultivated land a year! What's more, soil erosion has obviously reduced soil fertility, resulting in a large-scale reduction of crop production. The more production is reduced, the more people want to reclaim wasteland; The more reclamation, the more serious soil erosion. In this way, the poorer the reclamation, the more sediment the Yellow River will have, and the number of breaches and diversions of the Yellow River will become more and more frequent.
The key to harnessing the Yellow River is to control sediment and prevent it from flowing into the Yellow River at will. After the founding of New China, scientists designed a scheme to control the Yellow River. They believe that the Loess Plateau should adhere to the management direction of animal husbandry and forestry. We must protect forest resources and restore lost vegetation as soon as possible. Let everyone know that deforestation is complete suicide; It is necessary to rationally plan and utilize land and build a large number of water conservancy projects at the same time. This multi-pronged approach will certainly prevent soil erosion and make the dream of the Yellow River better realized.
The evolutionary history of how human houses have changed since ancient times.
House is the place where human beings live, and it is a symbol of human conquest of nature and their own development.
As we all know, humans have been separated from animals since the day they learned to make tools. Since human beings can make and use tools, of course, while filling their stomachs, they also thought of creating a comfortable habitat for themselves.
(3) The earliest houses were pushed into caves covered with hay where Neanderthals lived. I'm afraid this kind of house is more a gift from nature than human labor.
It was not until Banpo clan period that human beings created their own houses-stone houses piled up with their hands. The roof of this stone house is covered with grass and has a conical shape. The house is irregular in shape, and half of it is below the ground. Together, several such houses became the village at that time.
Later, with the development of human culture and technology, people began to build houses according to pre-designed schemes. As a result, people carved and scientifically spliced wooden houses and stone houses, as well as various forms of wooden, stone and earth houses were built in large quantities, and even developed into large-scale palace buildings and temple buildings. Due to the differences in history, culture or customs, people of different nationalities have created different types of houses. The bamboo building of the Dai people in Yunnan has two floors, with people living on the upper floor and horses tied on the lower floor, which is convenient, safe, cool and hygienic. People on the loess high slope adjust measures to local conditions, dig holes to build houses and build rows of caves that are warm in winter and cool in summer; The Mongols on the grassland even created a movable carpet bag, which can shelter from the wind and snow and move at will. There are many kinds of houses, all of which show the hardships and greatness of human creation.
Great changes have taken place in the essence of modern housing. People no longer rely solely on natural materials, but use artificial materials such as reinforced concrete and pay more attention to the decoration inside and outside the house. For example, the walls are inlaid with tiles and even coated with gold powder, which makes the houses resplendent and dazzling. These buildings, both in structure and appearance, far exceed the ancient houses.
⑦ Modern houses are no longer just shelters for people, but provide laboratories and workshops for production, scientific research and all the development of modern civilization. People are engaged in activities in different houses. It can be said that the house has become an indispensable part of human living environment.
Due to the rapid increase of population, the demand for houses is too great, and people want to develop into the sky, so skyscrapers have sprung up. According to statistics, a 300-story skyscraper can accommodate the population of a medium-sized city.
Modern society has entered a period of rapid development of science and technology. There has been a new breakthrough in the efficiency and function of houses. For example, some houses can resist earthquakes. A fortress-like house in California experienced a 6.2-magnitude earthquake, but it was "unmoved"; Some houses can simulate the space environment outside the earth and become space stations on the earth.
With the development of science and technology and more and more human desires, in the future, human beings will not be satisfied with living only on the earth continent.
Why is the name of Beijing changing from ancient times to the present? Beijing has a history of more than 3000 years and 857 years. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, Beijing has been a military and commercial center in northern China, including Ji Cheng, Yan Dou, Yanjing, Zhuo Jun, Youzhou, Nanjing, Zhongdu, Dadu, Shi Jing, Shuntianfu, Beiping and Beijing.
In different dynasties, Beijing's status was different, so it kept changing.
At first, it was just an ordinary city, namely Ji Cheng. Later, it was sometimes the capital, so it was renamed.
How does human aesthetics come from?
Environment (people's ability to see things is different with different realms). Read some novels, movies and so on.
The influence of people around you.
I think this is too general.
What changes have taken place in people's communication methods since ancient times? They are eclectic and learn from each other's strengths.
How does human aesthetics come into being? It is a big problem.
First of all, aesthetics is a subjective feeling, that is, there is an aesthetic subject, that is, me. I can be divided into physical me and psychological me.
Physically, I am basically the same as all human beings, but in fact, everyone is different because of the subtle differences in DNA inheritance. For a simple example, color blindness caused by DNA inheritance, or color abnormality. It's like the difference between hunting with a knife and a shotgun. This will inevitably lead to aesthetic differences between people.
The psychological self is very complicated, but first of all, the psychological self is attached to the physical self, and the brain and endocrine system are actually the material basis of psychology.
Your life experience, your memory, everything you see, hear and feel will affect your aesthetics. In fact, your interest judgment is also affecting your aesthetics. The world we live in, the earth, gravity, light, that is, your life stage, also participated in the basic construction of your aesthetics.
Here, such a big proposition cannot be made clear, but what I want to say is that the world determines our DNA structure, our DNA structure determines our physiological structure, and the physiological structure determines our aesthetic perception. Our aesthetic view combines our different life experiences to form our own unique aesthetic view.
How have the doors in our daily life changed since ancient times? From wooden door to iron door to security door.
What's wrong with people's aesthetics? With the progress of society and the improvement of living standards, people's aesthetic standards have also improved, and their spiritual pursuits are certainly different.