Unit 1: the beginning of human civilization

The formation of mankind

1, the fundamental difference between humans and animals is that the decisive step in the evolution from apes to humans is.

2. At the same time as the appearance of human beings, the differences of modern races have also appeared. Modern humans are divided into three main races, namely, human, human and human. Ethnic differences are the result of long-term influence of many factors such as differences.

3. The first human experience is society. Clan society has gone through two stages: and. The appearance of slave society marks the end of primitive society and the arrival of slave society.

Lesson 2: The Great River Basin-the Cradle of Human Civilization

1. Since about BC, small countries of slavery have appeared on both sides of the river in northeast Africa. Around BC, an ancient country was established which was originally unified. Kings claim to be the embodiment of God, and their graves are symbols of power. In the 6th century BC, Egypt became a great empire spanning Asia and Africa. In the 6th century BC, Egypt was destroyed by Western Asia.

In the west of Asia, there is a narrow strip. From the map, it looks like a crescent moon with fertile land, so it is called "". In the east of Wadi, the river is parallel to the river, which is called. Around A.D., Americans established a small country of slavery in the south of the two river basins. In the 6th century BC, King Babylon unified the two river basins and established a centralized state. In order to safeguard his interests, he formulated a code, which is said to be the first relatively complete ancient written code in the world.

3. Around BC, small slave countries began to appear in the basin. Later, tribes from Central Asia invaded ancient India and established slave countries in river basins and river basins. After they entered India, they formed a strict hierarchical system, which was called "China" in history. According to this system, society is divided into four levels: the first level is (including social stratum), the second level is (including social stratum), the third level is (including social stratum), and the fourth level is (including social stratum). Hereditary between different grades, people of different grades are not allowed. The essence of this hierarchy is to strictly safeguard interests. The influence of this system was strengthened and brought about the development of Indian society later.

Lesson Three: The Source of Western Civilization

1, early Greek civilization-the origin of civilization, then civilization appeared and died out after 800 years. In the 6th century BC, a city-state established by the Greeks appeared on the west coast, which was one of the most important city-states. Athens reached its heyday during its reign, which was manifested in the development of economy, culture and politics to the peak of the ancient world. Another famous city-state is that it is characterized by advocating.

In the 8th century BC, the city of Rome was founded on the banks of the Italian river. In BC, Rome established a republic, which was dictatorial in nature. After the establishment of the Republic, it was gradually conquered. In order to win the hegemony of the Mediterranean, three wars were fought, which were called wars in history and finally won. In the 6th century BC, Rome became the overlord of the Mediterranean. With the rapid development of Rome, slaves spread all over the society and were in a miserable situation. The year before last, the slave uprising they led shook the rule of the Roman Republic.

In 200 BC, he seized power. Soon, the Bishop of Rome hated his policies and assassinated him. In BC, he began to monopolize state power and became the de facto emperor. The Roman Republic was replaced by Rome. The Roman Empire split into two parts in 1860. 1920, extinction, the history of slave society in western Europe ended.

Unit 2: Asia and Europe and feudal society

Lesson Four: The Establishment of Asian Feudal Countries

Around 1 and 1 century, countries appeared in various islands of Japan, and later slave countries appeared in central Honshu, which unified Japan in the 5th century.

2. Great changes: background:. Time: people: content: politically; Economically. Meaning:.

3. At the end of the 6th century and the beginning of the 7th century, most parts of Arabian Peninsula had not yet formed a unified country, competing for water and pasture, and tribes were fighting with each other. Internal reasons and. In this situation, the Arab people longed for it, and the state religion came into being. At first, he preached. In 2006, he led a small number of believers to leave. Now he is building a country that combines politics and religion. Islam has designated this year as the first year of the Islamic calendar. In 2006, he came to this city again, and the local nobles accepted and recognized his leadership position, and he also recognized each other's economic and religious interests. Since then, it has become a holy place for Islam. When he died of illness in, the Arabian Peninsula was basically unified and a unified Arab country was established.

Lesson 5: Central Europe

1. During the feudal society in Western Europe, power was supreme. Harmony is not only the largest landlord in western Europe, but also the pillar of feudal system in western Europe. In the field of spiritual culture, it is above everything else.

2. Central cities and famous cities such as Italy began to appear in Western Europe in the century; Britain and. With the development of the city, class contradictions are becoming increasingly acute. In the 1 1 century and12nd century, citizens of some French cities launched a struggle against them. Some cities have won autonomy with money, while others have won autonomy with money. Citizens' struggle for autonomy is a typical example. In the process of the re-emergence of cities in western Europe and the rapid development of industry and commerce, classes were formed, which further divided and developed to the early stage. Their appearance prepared conditions for the rise of new cities.

The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire was originally called the Eastern Roman Empire, so it was also called the Eastern Roman Empire. /kloc-At the end of 0/3, West Asian countries rose. It actively expanded outward, occupied first, and then infiltrated, aiming at the declining empire. In the middle of the century (), the empire that was captured by the Turkish army and lasted for many years finally perished.

Unit 3: the spread and development of ancient civilization

Lesson 6: Wars and Conquests in the Ancient World

In 1 century BC (equivalent to China's period), an empire centered on Persians was formed in ancient times, and other countries and regions were conquered successively. In the early last century, he went to Greece three times, which was called war in history. In the middle of last century, the army and the people won the war. This war is a collision between the eastern empire and the western city-states in their respective development processes, and it is also an important conflict between the early eastern and western civilizations.

2. In the last century, while the Greek city-state was declining, the countries in northern Greece became stronger. In the late 4th century, he defeated the Greek allied forces and took control of Greece. Soon, he succeeded to the throne and was called the great in history. He invaded the East, mopped up and invaded, was occupied by Li, wiped out the empire and established an empire with its capital spanning three continents. Although the empire was a flash in the pan, the culture spread to the East, and the eastern culture also penetrated into the culture, which promoted the cultural exchange between the East and the West.

3. From the Roman Empire to the century, the territory reached the largest scale. East from upstream, west, south, north, and. The Roman Empire spanned three continents and became its inner lake. After the establishment of the empire, due to peace, the situation in the empire was stable and the economy flourished for about years. On the one hand, the conquest and rule of the Roman Empire were full of; On the other hand, Roman culture penetrated into the vast areas under its rule. (The first two hundred years of the Roman Empire happened to be the period of our country, which was called. The formal contact between the Roman Empire and China began in 1998 and was recorded in the book History of the Roman Empire.

Lesson 7: The Messenger of Cultural Exchange between the East and the West

1 Long ago, there was a famous trade route connecting Asia and Europe. There are many businessmen traveling on these trade routes. They introduced them to West Asia and Europe, and also brought new knowledge of astronomy and medicine, as well as peace and harmony to China. They have built a bridge of cultural exchange between different civilizations and promoted the development of these regions and cities. People have created a counting method of ten numbers from 0 to 90. People learned this method and carried out reforms. /kloc-At the beginning of 0/2 century, this simple counting method spread to Europe and was called "". In addition, Arabs also translated and preserved many works, which made the glorious reproduction of ancient culture; Created a complete; Wrote the world's first algebra book; He is the author of "Medical Integration" and "Medical Code", which has long been regarded as an authoritative work by the European medical community.

2. 127 1 year, he went to China with his father and uncle, and was appreciated when he arrived in China. After living in China for 17 years, he returned to his motherland and told his experiences in the East. Later, he spread widely in Europe, which aroused Europeans' yearning for the East.

Lesson 8: Ancient Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (1)

1. The earliest characters used by ancient Egyptians were formed around the year before last. They are called characters. They are one of the oldest figures in the world, and they have had an important influence on later figures. At the same time, people in the two river basins created characters, which were later adopted by ancient nations and made great contributions to the development of human civilization.

2,,, and are called the three major religions in the world. Buddhism was born in the last century, and its founder was, later called, Italy. The main teachings of Buddhism are. In the first century, when he was in power, Buddhism developed greatly, and spread outward, northward, through the region to most areas, and later from China to other countries; To the south, it was introduced to other countries and ethnic areas in China.

Islam was founded in16th century. He called on everyone to believe in the only God, saying that he is the messenger of God. "Islam" means "Islam" in Arabic, which means people who believe in God. The classic of Islam is the Book of Songs. In the Middle Ages, Islam spread to other places and had an important influence on these areas.

Lesson 9: Ancient Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (2)

1. According to legend, it was processed by Homer, a blind poet. It is an immortal masterpiece of world literature and an important historical material for studying early society. King Oedipus is one of the representative works of ancient Greek tragic writers. Arabian Nights is a collection of folk stories. The Book of Songs and The Book of Songs are among them.

2. Archimedes' main inventions and discoveries are:, and.

3. The biggest temple in Islam is the temple in the center, which is located in today's world. This is a place where Muslims who come for pilgrimage must pay their respects. It stands on an island on the Seine River in the center of Paris and is the oldest and largest Catholic church in Paris. This is a typical style building. Hugo, a great French writer, compared it to Notre Dame de Paris.

Unit 4: Entering Modern Times

The dawn of the capitalist era

1, the essence of the Renaissance lies in its beginning, and its pioneer lies in his long poem 《 He is called. Leonardo da vinci is a master of art, and his representative works include The Republic and The Republic. Shakespeare in China is a master of literature in the Renaissance, and his representative works are Shakespeare and Shakespeare.

2. The historical significance of the Renaissance lies in.

3. The Renaissance started from century to century, and expanded from 15- 16 century to other countries and regions.

western bourgeois revolution

1. After the opening of the new air route, the main trade routes and trade centers in Europe moved out of the coastal areas, and the British used the favorable geographical position to expand and develop. It has been greatly developed, grown and appeared. /kloc-in the 7th century, the king of England pursued feudal autocracy and advocated "one country, two systems", which was once closed, and he also controlled the rights of rice, oil and salt, and his right to peace was violated. They used it against the king.

2. The fuse of British bourgeois revolution is that the symbol of the outbreak is that now the king calls a meeting of parliament to raise military expenses. Then it started a civil war. 1June 645, the parliamentary army led by kloc defeated the king's army. A few years later, the parliamentary army won, 1649, was pushed to the guillotine, and Britain established a Republic. Grasp the political power, act as a "peacemaker" and implement a policy conducive to peace. It was repaired shortly after his death. In, he joined other people who were dissatisfied with the autocratic rule of the king to launch a palace coup, overthrew the autocratic rule and established a new king. For this reason, 1689 passed the bill of rights, which explicitly restricted the rights of the bourgeoisie in form and made the bourgeois dictatorship begin to be established. The historical significance of British bourgeois revolution: overthrowing, establishing, clearing the way for development and promoting.

The birth of America

1. Native Americans are Americans. /kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, the British began to establish colonies on the coast of North America. More than a hundred years later, there are already 100 colonists. In addition to British immigrants and indigenous people, there are people from other European countries and Africa. They jointly promote the development of local economy. The north is developed and the south is prevalent, and they are the main labor force.

2. 1998, the United States promulgated the constitution, establishing that the United States is a country, and the president has both rights and rights. -Elected as the first president.

3. The significance of American War of Independence ended, realized, established, benefited and promoted the revolution. The essence of the war of independence is real, and the reason for victory is.

French Revolution and Napoleon Empire

1. Reasons for the French Revolution:. Fuse:. The symbol of this beginning is that the people of Paris captured it on191year1month 12.

2. The revolutionary situation has developed rapidly and the political power has been mastered. Soon, the "Measures" were promulgated. The main contents are: evaluation: progress is, limitations are.

3. The significance of the French Revolution: it was destroyed and spread, which had a great influence on the development of France.

The arrival of age of steam.

1. Reasons for the industrial revolution:1In the middle of the 8th century, British goods were sold overseas more and more, and the production was in short supply. In order to increase production, people try their best to increase production.

Two years ago (1the first half of the 9th century), Britain completed the industrial revolution. Since then, other countries have also completed the industrial revolution, and other countries in the world have also carried out the industrial revolution sooner or later.

3. The influence of the industrial revolution: The industrial revolution created. Great changes have taken place: after the industrial revolution, it was finally defeated; The countries that took the lead in completing the industrial revolution gradually established their rule over the world, and the world formed an advanced and backward situation; Caused the division and opposition between classes.

Unit 5: Colonial Expansion and the Struggle of Colonial People

Bloody capital accumulation

1. The impact of the slave trade: nearly 1 100 million lean labor lost; Slave traders made a windfall and invested their hard-earned money, which promoted local development.

2. The establishment of "no empire": After the century, Britain embarked on the road of colonial plunder, which defeated its opponents one after another. By the second half of this century, Britain has become the largest colonial country in the world. Because there are British colonies on every continent, it is called "".

3. Consequences of colonial plunder: On the one hand, the colonists transported the plundered wealth into the capital, making Europe prosperous and developing; On the other hand, it has caused the backwardness of ….

The struggle of colonial people

1. Background of Latin American independence movement: After the opening of the new air route, it monopolized Brazil and occupied all Latin American regions except Brazil.

2. Characteristics of the independence movement: the long, wide and north-south countries jointly fought.

In the middle of the 9th century, the people of Asian countries set off a vigorous climax of liberation movement, which is a typical example.

Unit 6: the struggle of the proletariat and the strengthening of bourgeois rule

International workers' sports shoes and the birth of Marxism

1. Constitutional Movement: Background: With the development of China, the bourgeoisie is getting richer and richer, but the workers are treated badly; The development of the industrial revolution made the proletariat stronger. 19 during the thirties and forties, the workers actively strived for improvement and improvement, and the workers' movement flourished in Europe. Time: several years to several years. Central content: It is required by the workers to have the opportunity to participate in the management of the country. Historical position: The Charter Movement was the first proletarian revolutionary movement in the world. Results: The lack of guidance affected the further development of the workers' movement.

2. Conditions for the birth of Marxism: Utopian socialist theory provides a theoretical premise for Marx and Engels to establish scientific theory; After the industrial revolution, the growth of power provided a class foundation for the establishment of scientific theory; The increasingly exposed social contradictions provide objective conditions for scientific understanding of the nature of capitalist society; Ma and En personally participated in the workers' movement, constantly summed up experience, absorbed the essence of predecessors' thoughts, and jointly founded Marxist theory. Ma Heen met in 1995. Birth: In, the program of international proletarian organization drafted by Ma and En was published. Content: Analyze its role in the historical development of class society, reveal the objective law that socialism will inevitably replace it, and call for self-liberation. Impact: The publication of the * * * Declaration marks. Since then, under the guidance of scientific theory, the international workers' movement has entered a new historical period.

3. Paris Commune: 1870, France broke out in war, France was defeated, and the bourgeois government bowed to the outside world. —— In 2008 1 month, there was a conflict between government forces and Paris citizens' armed forces, which led to the outbreak of the workers' uprising in Paris. The uprising team drove away the bourgeois government, and soon the people elected their own political power. From March to March, commune soldiers fought street battles with the enemies who invaded Paris, and thousands of commune soldiers died. This is "". The Paris Commune was the first great attempt to establish political power. Soon, a * * of the commune wrote the lyrics of the Internationale, which was later composed by a worker composer.

American civil war

1. After the independence of the United States, both the northern economy and the southern economy developed, and the two systems were incompatible. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, the contradiction between the North and the South was irreconcilable around the abolition of slavery. 186 1 In March, 2000, taking office as the president of the United States became an excuse for the slave owners in the south to launch a rebellion. Some southern states united to declare an independent country, the so-called "". This month, the southern army provoked a civil war and the American Civil War broke out.

At the beginning of the war, because of peace, the northern army lost repeatedly. Lincoln promulgated ""in May 2008, which stipulated that it would be abolished and allowed from New Year's Day in 2008. Function: Black people celebrated liberation and signed up for the army, so the north gained a powerful army. 1920, the civil war ended in victory. The unification of the United States was finally maintained. Lincoln made great contributions to peace and became a famous president in American history.

3. Historical significance of American Civil War: The Civil War is the second time in American history. After this war, the United States abolished this system, cleared another big obstacle and created conditions for the future.