① The direct reasons are different: Russia: The failure of foreign wars aggravated the crisis of serfdom. Japanese: The national crisis intensified social contradictions and led to the overthrow of the Tokugawa era.

② Different contents: Russia mainly abolished serfdom; Japanese are mainly concentrated in Qiang Bing, a rich country and civilized.

③ Different leadership: Russia is a feudal ruling class represented by the Tsar; Japan is a reformist school with the anti-curtain school as its core.

Same:

The times are the same: in the middle of19th century, capitalism became the trend of historical development, and China's backward feudal rule hindered the further development of capitalism;

The nature is the same: they are all top-down capitalist reforms;

The result is the same: they all embarked on the road of capitalist development, the reform was not thorough, and a large number of feudal remnants were retained.

The purpose is the same: to maintain their own rule and develop capitalism.

2. Franco-Prussian War

Prussia fought the Franco-Prussian War with France in 1870- 187 1 in order to unify Germany and compete with France for the hegemony of the European continent. The war ended with the defeat of France, the victory of Prussia and the establishment of the German Empire. The Franco-Prussian truce was extremely harsh, stipulating that France ceded Alsace and Lorraine to Germany and compensated 5 billion francs. As a result, Germany and France became enemies and became the cause of the First World War.

Mutual camp

After the Franco-Prussian War, Prussian Prime Minister Bismarck was worried about French retaliation, so he adopted an alliance policy to contain France. He originally made Germany form a "triple alliance" with Austria-Hungary and Russia, but later at the Berlin Conference 1878, Russia had a conflict of interest with Austria-Hungary because of the Balkan issue. Germany finally chose Austria-Hungary as an ally in 1879, and concluded a secret German-Austrian alliance with Austria-Hungary. In addition, Bismarck turned to form an alliance with Italy, which was isolated due to the conflict with France on colonial affairs and failed to compete for Tunisia in North Africa at 188 1. Thus, the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Italian Kingdom concluded the "triple alliance".

Russia was very angry when it learned that Germany and Austria had signed the "German-Austrian Alliance". But Bismarck was a seasoned politician. In order to maintain good relations with Russia, a "reinsurance treaty" was signed with Russia at 1887. However, when Bismarck stepped down in 1890, Kaiser Wilhelm II allowed the treaty to terminate. After French finance supported Russian industrialization, France formed an alliance with Russia in 1892. It's for the French-Russian alliance.

Britain signed a "Sincerity Agreement" with France in 1904. This agreement is not a military alliance. This is an agreement to settle the colonial dispute between the two countries. Egged on by France, Britain and Russia finally ended the colonial dispute in 1907 and signed the British-Russian Understanding. In the same year, France, Britain and Russia were threatened by German forces in the Ottoman Empire and formed a "three-country agreement".

Since then, Europe has been divided into two camps, so as long as there is any trouble, it may turn into a world war. The First World War was caused by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary.

Fight for the colony

Imperialism rose in the early 20th century. In Bismarck's time, in view of the early establishment of the unified German Empire, it was less involved in the struggle for colonies. Later, in view of the rise of domestic businessmen, businessmen asked the German government to strive for overseas resources and markets. After William II ascended the throne and Bismarck was dismissed, the German emperor took into account that there were too few German colonies, raw materials producing areas and commodity markets were insufficient, and implemented the "world policy", demanding that the global sphere of influence be re-divided. This violated the interests of the old colonial powers-Britain and France. The first and second vested interests of moroccan crises and Russia also intensified the conflict between the two camps and increased the possibility of war.

arms race

Before the war, the two military blocs had a fierce arms race: Britain and Germany began to compete for the construction of dreadnoughts from 1905, and before the war 19 13, the German standing army expanded to 870,000, France to 800,000 and Russia to 2.3 million.

Fight for Morocco

In order to compete for the interests in Morocco, Germany and France triggered moroccan crises twice.

Morocco's first crisis

1905 On March 3 1, when Kaiser Wilhelm II visited Tangier, an important port in southern Morocco, he declared that he wanted to protect Morocco's independence and territorial integrity, making its relations with France tense. This is the first crisis in Morocco. 1906 65438+ 10/0/6, European powers held a meeting in algeciras and reached the algeciras resolution, which recognized Morocco's independence, but France and Spain were responsible for Morocco's police affairs. France controls Moroccan customs and police.

The second moroccan crises

1911May 2 1 day, a tribal uprising against Sudan took place in Morocco, and France took the opportunity to send troops to capture its capital Fez. Germany demanded that France cede part of French Africa as compensation, and on July 1 of that year, on the pretext of protecting its own businessmen, Germany sent the gunboat "Leopard" to Agadir, the Moroccan port, and war was imminent. This action is called "Leopard Leap" by historians. Britain is afraid that Germany will challenge its maritime hegemony, so it supports France and has a tough attitude. Germany was forced to make concessions and reached an agreement with France on June 4th of that year 165438+. Germany sacrificed a part of French Congo and recognized Morocco as a protectorate of France. 1912 In March, France and Morocco signed the Treaty of Fez, and Morocco officially became a protectorate of France.

Germany, Britain and France became even more at loggerheads in these two moroccan crises wars, and the Kaiser even threatened not to make concessions, which made the war crisis worse.

European powder magazine-Balkan Peninsula

The Balkans has always been called the European powder magazine. At that time, Balkan countries fought two Balkan wars for their own interests, which deepened the contradiction between Austria-Hungary and Russia and laid the fuse for the First World War.

Bosnian events

1908, 10/0 On October 6th, Austria sent troops to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was originally under its trusteeship, which aroused strong anti-Austrian sentiment in Serbia, which wanted to buy these two places (because there were many Serbs). Because Serbia, as the "second brother" of Slavic countries (the name of "first brother" belongs to Russia), is extremely eager to rule the Slavs in the whole Balkan Peninsula. However, the invasion of Austria-Hungary dashed its hopes and opposed this action.

The First Balkan War

19 12 March 13, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro formed the Balkan Union to jointly attack Ottoman Turkey. 10 10 18, the first balkan war broke out between the balkan alliance and Ottoman turkey. As a result, Ottoman Turkey was defeated and signed the Treaty of London with the Balkan Union on May 30th, 19 13, giving up all the territories in the Balkans except Constantinople. Bulgaria acquired Macedonia; Serbia was dissatisfied with the lack of access to the Adriatic Sea, so the Balkan Union split.

The Second Balkan War

1 965438+On June, 20031day, Serbia formed an alliance with Greece to attack Bulgaria, and Romania later joined the Cecil Union. On June 29th, the Second Balkan War broke out, and Ottoman Turkey also declared war on Bulgaria. Bulgaria was defeated as a result. 10 In August, Bucharest Treaty was signed with participating countries, and northern Dobro was acquired by Romania. Macedonia is divided into three parts, including Vardal? Macedonia to Serbia, Pirin? Macedonia was assigned to Bulgaria; Aegean sea? Macedonia belongs to Greece. This attracted the dissatisfaction of Austria-Hungary, because Serbia gained too many benefits in these two Balkan wars, threatening its position in the Balkans, while Russia intervened in Balkan affairs through Serbia. As a result, the conflict with the Austro-Hungarian Empire deepened, making the war explosive.

Sarajevo assassination

This incident is the direct cause of the all-out war in Europe.

1965438+At 9: 00 am on June 28th, 2004, Serbian youth Princip (then only19 years old) assassinated Archduke Ferdinand and his wife who advocated annexing Serbia. This incident, known as the Sarajevo incident, was regarded as the fuse of the First World War. Princip's actions showed his love for his nation, but the Sarajevo incident in which Ferdinand was assassinated was used by the Austro-Hungarian Empire as an excuse to wage war against Serbia. 1965438+On July 23rd, 2004, Austria, with the unconditional support of Germany, issued an ultimatum to Serbia, which included arresting the murderer, suppressing anti-Olympic activities and dismissing anti-Olympic officials. Serbia agreed to everything except those involving internal affairs. However, Austria will still escalate its actions. At the same time, Germany perceived Russia's military mobilization, and the Kaiser asked Russia to withdraw its troops quickly and prepare for war. In view of the tough diplomacy of various countries and the arrogance of national military power, war is inevitable.

War broke out.

On July 28th, 2004, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. On July 30th, Russia mobilized troops to help Serbia. 1 In August, Germany declared war on Russia, and then declared war on France on August 3rd. On August 4, Germany invaded Belgium, and Belgium remained neutral; On the same day, Britain declared war on Germany considering the importance of Belgium to its national security and the London Treaty signed earlier in 1839 to ensure Belgium's neutrality. On August 6th, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. 12 In August, Britain declared war on Austria-Hungary.