Lesson 1 Ancient Residents of the Motherland
Three knowledge points:
1. Yuanmou's age of existence, location of discovery and its historical significance.
2. The years of life, places of discovery, physical characteristics and production and living conditions of Beijingers.
3. Age of existence, location of discovery, physical characteristics and production and living conditions of cavemen.
Yuanmou Man
Beijing natives
Prehistoric caveman
location
Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province
In the cave of Zhoukoudian in Beijing
In the cave at the top of Gulong Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing
age
About 6.5438+0.7 million years ago.
About 700 thousand to 200 thousand years ago.
About 30 thousand years ago
Meaning/characteristics
It is the earliest known human in China that opens a new chapter in human history in China.
Some characteristics of apes are preserved.
Basically the same as modern people.
tool
Use hammered stone tools
I still use hammering stone tools, but I have mastered polishing and drilling techniques.
Use of fire
Use natural fire
make a fire
organization
Social life
Family life
Lesson 2 primitive farming life
Three knowledge points:
1. The survival age, residence, production tools, crops and living conditions of the original inhabitants of Hemudu.
2. The survival age, residence, production tools, crops and living conditions of the original inhabitants of Banpo, especially the painted pottery art of Banpo people, are treasures of the ancient art of the Chinese nation.
3. The living conditions of the original inhabitants of Dawenkou.
Previous date: about 7000 years.
Primitive agriculture in Hemudu
Venue: Hemudu Village, Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province
Location: Yangtze River Basin
Tools: Tools for grinding stones are widely used.
Planting crops: rice
Building structure: dry column type
Previous date: about 5000 years.
Venue: banpo village, Xi, Shaanxi.
The life of Banpo aborigines
Location: Yellow River Basin
Tools: Tools for grinding stones are widely used.
Planting crops: millet
Building structure: semi-basement type
Naughty bag making: painted pottery
From now on: about four or five thousand years.
The original inhabitants of Dawenkou
Venue: Dawenkou, Tai 'an, Shandong
Location: Yellow River Basin
Social production: agriculture and pottery making.
Living conditions: due to the development of productive forces, private property and polarization between the rich and the poor have emerged.
Lesson 3 China's ancestors
Three knowledge points:
1. Battle of Zhuolu-Battle between Yanhuang and Chiyou
2. "The ancestor of mankind"-Huangdi
3. Yao Shun and Yu's abdication
Knowledge point 1: Yan Huang Nian Chi you.
1. Yan Di, Huangdi and Chiyou: About four or five thousand years ago, many tribes lived in the Yellow River valley and the Yangtze River valley in China. Huangdi and Yan Di are famous tribal leaders in the Yellow River valley in ancient legends of China. Emperor Yan is the legendary Shennong who teaches people to farm, and Chiyou is the leader of the Jiuli nationality in the East. It is said that he used copper as a weapon and was very brave.
2. Battle of Zhuolu: According to legend, Chiyou led an army to invade Yan Di tribe, and Yan Di asked the Yellow Emperor for help. The Yellow Emperor immediately sent troops to crusade against Chiyou. In the end, Chiyou was captured and killed, and the rest were defeated.
3. Formation of Huaxia nationality: After the battle of Zhuolu, two tribes, Huangdi and Yan Di, formed a tribal alliance. After a long period of development, Huaxia nationality gradually formed.
Knowledge point 2: The Yellow Emperor-"the ancestor of mankind"
1. Contribution of Huangdi: Huangdi is the earliest ancestor in ancient legends of China, and is recognized as the ancestor of the whole family after the formation of the Chinese nation. According to legend, he built palaces, made clothes, taught people to dig wells and invented boats and cars, which laid the foundation for later generations. His wife Lei Zu invented sericulture and silk reeling, his subordinate Cang Xie invented writing, Linglun compiled music scores, and so on.
2. Status: Later generations respectfully call the Yellow Emperor "the ancestor of mankind". This reflects the respect and recognition of the contribution of the Yellow Emperor by later generations.
Knowledge point 3: Yao Shunyu's "abdication"
1. Legend of Yao Shunyu: According to legend, after the Yellow Emperor, Yao, Shun and Yu were outstanding tribal alliance leaders in the Yellow River valley of China, and they all had noble qualities and were deeply loved by the people.
Yao: I live a simple life and love myself and the people.
Shun: Be generous and set an example.
Yu: I have made great contributions to water control, but I can't get in when I pass by home.
2. "The Doctrine of the Mean": it is the method of selecting and inheriting leaders in ancient China society and the democratic system of selecting leaders within tribal alliances in primitive society.
3. The first dynasty in the history of China-Xia Dynasty.
Around 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty, which was the first dynasty in the history of China. Yu also changed from the leader of the tribal alliance to the king of the slave country. The establishment of Xia Dynasty marked the end of primitive society and the beginning of slave society in China. Xia Dynasty was the first slave country in the history of China.
History Unit 2 Review Outline
Lesson 4 The Rise and Fall of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, known as the "ancient three generations", are the three dynasties in which the slavery society in China was formed and developed.
Jiandu: Established in Yangcheng with its capital.
The rise and fall of Xia dynasty
Home and the world: Qi inherits the father's position, and the hereditary system replaces the abdication system.
Consolidating rule: establishing national mechanism
Destruction: Xia Jie was a tyrant who was destroyed by Shang Tang in about 1600 BC.
The rise and fall of Shang dynasty
Establishment time: about 65438 BC+0600 BC.
Pan Geng moved to Yin: King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved to Yin, and Shang Dynasty became more and more powerful.
Death: There was no way for the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and the Shang Dynasty died in the battle of Makino in BC 1046.
Establishment time, people and capital: Zhou Wuwang Scenery, BC 1046.
The demise of the Western Zhou Dynasty
Fender system: purpose, content and function
Hierarchy: From the King of Zhou Dynasty to slaves, a pyramid hierarchy was formed.
Death: 77 BC1year, the Western Zhou Dynasty perished.
Knowledge Point 1: The Rise and Fall of Xia Dynasty
The Xia Dynasty was established in (about 2070 BC, with Yangcheng as its capital).
When Yu was in power, his son Qi was very powerful. After Yu's death, he inherited his father's business and became the second generation king of Xia Dynasty. From then on, the hereditary system (referring to the system followed by emperors in previous dynasties) changed from "public world" to "home world".
⑵ The establishment of Xia Dynasty marked the emergence of China's early state.
The rule of Xia dynasty
(1) The ruling center of Xia Dynasty was in western Henan and southwestern Shaanxi, and its capital was Yangcheng (now Dengfeng, Henan).
(2) The Xia Dynasty built castles and palaces, established government agencies, formed troops, formulated criminal laws and set up prisons. The state institutions in Xia Dynasty were tools for slave owners to oppress civilians and slaves.
[13] The tyranny of Xia Jie led to the demise of the Xia Dynasty.
Jie was the last king of Shang Dynasty and a famous tyrant in history. He built many luxurious palaces, endlessly punishing the people and oppressing them to do hard work. The poor and slaves were slow to resist the tyranny of valerian. About 1600 BC, Xia Dynasty was destroyed by Shang Dynasty. The Xia Dynasty experienced more than 400 years.
Knowledge point 2: Shang Tang's summer extinction and the feeling of King Wu.
1. Shang Tang destroyed the summer and the Shang Dynasty was established.
(1) background: (1) Xia Jie practices tyranny, and the poor and slaves are constantly fighting against it. (2) The kingdom of Shang became stronger and stronger, and the king of Shang joined forces with small countries and tribes around him, taking advantage of Jie's opportunity to lose people's hearts and set out for the summer.
⑵ Establishment of Shang Dynasty: In about 1600 BC, Shang Tang defeated Xia Jie, destroyed Xia Dynasty and established Shang Dynasty. Shang Dynasty was the second slavery dynasty in the history of China.
Prosperity of Shang dynasty
(1) Tang was the first king of Shang Dynasty and an effective monarch. He appointed talented Yi Yin and others as ministers, demanding that his lieutenants be diligent and "make contributions for the people". During the Tang dynasty, the Shang dynasty became more and more powerful.
(2) After the death of Tang Dynasty, he tried his best to rule by many kings. Especially after Pan Geng, the influence of Shang Dynasty expanded and became a big country in the world at that time.
[14] Pan Geng moved to Yin.
Because of floods and political turmoil, the Shang Dynasty moved its capital several times, and it was not until the Shang King Pan Geng moved its capital to Yin (now Anyang, Henan Province) that the capital stabilized, so the Shang Dynasty was also called Yin Dynasty.
4. The demise of Shang Dynasty
(1) the tyranny of Shang and Zhou dynasties. Zhou was the last king of Shang Dynasty, and like him, he was also a famous tyrant. He built luxurious palaces and gardens, enjoyed them to the fullest, and tortured the people with branding.
(2) the battle of Makino. In the late Shang Dynasty, Zhou Wuwang saw the political corruption and internal chaos in the Shang Dynasty, so he joined forces with small countries and tribes in the west and south to attack the Shang Dynasty. BC 1046, the two sides fought at Konoha. Before the war, the Shang army defected one after another and led Zhou Jun to attack the Shang capital. Shang and Zhou fled to Lutai to set themselves on fire, and the Shang Dynasty perished. King Wu established the Zhou Dynasty with pickaxe as its capital, also known as Haojing. Historically known as the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Knowledge point 3: the enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty
Objective: To consolidate the rule.
Content: Zhou gave the land, civilians and slaves to relatives, heroes and so on. And make them princes. Governors must obey the orders of the Zhou Emperor, pay tribute to the emperor at ordinary times, defend the territory, and lead troops to fight against the emperor in wartime.
3. Role: Through the enfeoffment system, remote areas were developed and the rule was strengthened, and the Western Zhou Dynasty became a powerful country.
4. the demise of the western Zhou dynasty: in the late western Zhou dynasty, the political situation was chaotic, and finally the Chinese people rioted. In 77 BC1year, the Western Zhou Dynasty was destroyed.
Compare the rise and fall of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
dynasty
clotting time
constructors
capital
The last king
Extinction time
milestone
Xia Dynasty
About 2070 BC
Yu
Guangzhou
cruel
About 65438 BC+0600 BC
Shang Tang extinguishes summer.
Shang Dynasty
About 65438 BC+0600 BC
soup
Bo and Yin
It is said to be a tyrant
65438 BC+0046 BC
Pan Geng moved to Yin.
Western Zhou Dynasty
65438 BC+0046 BC
Zhou Wuwang
Haojing
Zhou Youwang
77 BC1
The enfeoffment system was implemented, a hierarchical system was formed, and riots broke out among Chinese people.
Chronology of major events in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
About 2070 BC
The establishment of Xia dynasty
About 65438 BC+0600 BC
Xia Dynasty perished and Shang Dynasty was established.
65438 BC+0046 BC
The battle of Makino, the demise of Shang Dynasty and the establishment of Western Zhou Dynasty.
84 BC1
China riots
77 BC1
The demise of the Western Zhou Dynasty
Lesson 5 Brilliant Bronze Civilization
The appearance of bronzes: the appearance at the end of primitive society
The variety of Xia Dynasty gradually increased.
Shang Dynasty was a glorious period.
With the development of bronze art, the varieties of the Western Zhou Dynasty are more abundant.
Brilliant bronze civilization
Muswuding (Shang Dynasty)
Representative work "Four Sheep Fang Zun" (Shang Dynasty)
Sanxingdui culture
China is the first country to invent porcelain in the world.
The prosperity of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and commerce has formed a splendid bronze civilization in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
Slaves have low status and miserable fate.
Lesson 6 Disputes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyang, known as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period from 770 BC to 476 BC, the slave society in China disintegrated. During the Warring States Period, from 475 BC to 22 BC1year, the feudal society in China was formed. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were a period of great turmoil and great change in China's history.
Reason: The royal family declined in the Zhou Dynasty, and the princes competed for hegemony.
Time: 770 ~ 476 BC
Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Duke Zhuang of Chu, etc.
the Spring and Autumn Period
Qi Huangong strives for hegemony: appointing Guan Zhong to reform the country, enriching the people and strengthening the country, and the slogan of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries" has become spring.
Chunqiu first bully
Chu Jin strives for hegemony: in the battle of Chengpu, Jin Wengong became the overlord of the Central Plains; Later, the Chu army defeated Jin Jun and Chu Zhuang.
The king became the overlord.
Warring States period
Time: 475 BC ~ 2265438 BC +0 years.
Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period: Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han.
Famous campaigns: Guiling Campaign, Maling Campaign, Changping Campaign, etc.
affect
Negative effects: The long-term hegemonic war has brought various disasters to society.
Positive influence: the number of vassals gradually decreased, which promoted national unity and national integration.
Knowledge point 1: Spring and Autumn Hegemony (Do you know: Kwai Qiu will unite and stay out of it? )
Background of the Spring and Autumn Hegemony
The princes no longer obeyed the orders of the Zhou emperor, while the emperor was attached to those powerful princes.
The purpose of hegemony in early autumn: to compete for land, population and hegemony.
The princes kept fighting, and the powerful princes forced all countries to recognize his leadership and become "hegemons."
[14] The famous overlord.
Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Duke Zhuang of Chu and others.
4. Qi Huangong seeks hegemony.
(1) Reasons for hegemony: First, appoint Guan Zhong as prime minister, reform internal affairs, develop production, reform the military system, and make Qi rich and strong.
Second, pay attention to the policy and strategy of hegemony, put forward the slogan of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries", actively carry out foreign activities and expand the border.
Third, Qi's superior geographical position, rich fish and salt, and rich economy provide favorable material conditions for hegemony.
⑵ The symbol of hegemony establishment: In the middle of the 7th century BC, the governors' alliance was convened, and Zhou sent people to attend, officially recognizing hegemony in the Central Plains. Qi Huangong became the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.
5. Jin Wengong seeks hegemony.
Located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, Jin is a big country in the Central Plains with fertile soil and convenient irrigation.
(2) Jin Wengong has been in exile for many years, and he knows the sufferings of the people better. After becoming a monarch, he paid attention to rectifying internal affairs, developing production and training the army, which laid the foundation for establishing hegemony.
(3) The Battle of Chengpu: At that time, the Chu forces in the south had developed into the Yellow River valley and started a hegemony war with Jin. In the late 7th century BC, Chu Jin fought a big war in Chengpu. At the beginning of this campaign, Chu was powerful and aggressive. The Jin army defeated the Chu army by luring the enemy and won the final victory. Jin Wengong became the overlord of the Central Plains. Chengpu Campaign is a famous campaign in Chinese history.
Chu Zhuangwang is dominant.
After the battle of Chengpu, Chu was unwilling to fail. After Chu Zhuangwang succeeded to the throne, he took measures to stabilize the political situation and develop production, which laid the foundation for going north for hegemony. Later, the Chu army defeated Jin Jun, drank horses from the Yellow River and established hegemony.
The influence of feudal lords' hegemony
(1) Negative effects: The long-term war for hegemony has brought various disasters to society.
⑵ Positive influence: In the process of hegemony, the number of vassals gradually decreased, which promoted national unity and national integration.
Knowledge point 2: Seven Heroes of the Warring States (Do you know: the three tribes divided into Jin, the battle of Guilin, the battle of Maling and the battle of Changping? )
The three families are divided into Jin Hotan's generation.
After the feudal war in the Spring and Autumn Period, only a few important vassal states remained, such as Qi, Chu, Jin, Yan and Qin. In the early years of the Warring States, Han, Zhao and Wei among the ministers of the State of Jin carved up the State of Jin.
7. Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period
Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han
3. Social conditions in the Warring States Period.
During the Warring States period, wars between countries became more frequent, small countries were gradually annexed by big countries, and big countries also fought for their own interests. The battles of Guiling, Maling and Changping were all famous battles in this period.
4. The rise of Qin.
After the Battle of Changping, the military strength of Qin was greatly enhanced, and the six eastern countries were unable to resist Qin Jun's attack.
Lesson 7 Period of Great Change
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was a great change in the history of China. During this period, the slave society gradually disintegrated and the feudal society gradually formed.
It marks the remarkable improvement of social productive forces.
socioeconomics
The use of iron farm tools
Promote Niu Geng
construction period
constructors
location
function
condition
meaning
background
time
The content of Shang Yang's reform
function
meaning
Political reform in various countries: the emerging landlord class and peasant class came into being, and the feudal society was formed.
Knowledge point 1: iron farm tools and the use of Niu Geng.
(1) Use of iron farm tools: During the Spring and Autumn Period, iron farm tools began to appear in China. By the Warring States period, the application scope of iron farm tools had expanded.
⑵ Promotion of Niu Geng: Niu Geng was used in China at the latest in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and was further promoted in Niu Geng during the Warring States Period. Niu Geng is a revolution in the history of agricultural development in China.
(3) The impact of the popularization of iron farm tools and Niu Geng on agriculture: the land utilization rate and crop yield have been significantly improved, which has promoted the rapid development of agriculture.
(4) the continuous progress of human production tools
Main use period
Making material
Representative production tools
merits and demerits
primitive society
Wood, stone, bone, clam
Thunder, mussels, sickles, etc.
Cheap; Hardness is not enough and it is not durable.
Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties
bronze
Bronze is rarely used in agricultural production.
Copper is precious and soft.
Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period and beyond
iron
Rake, sickle, hoe, shovel, etc.
Iron resources are abundant, easy to mine and hard in texture.
5. Transformation of production relations: slave owners and slaves become landlords and farmers.
After the appearance of iron farm tools, slave owners drove slaves to reclaim a large number of wasteland and increase their wealth. Under the system of hard work, hard work has no personal freedom and the enthusiasm for production is not high. So some enlightened slave owners tried to change the way of exploitation. They divide the land into small plots and rent it to workers, and charge them most of the harvest as land rent every year. Laborers can keep a small part of their harvest for their own use. Under this new exploitation mode, workers are no longer called slaves, but farmers, and these enlightened slave owners have become emerging landlords. In this way, individual production has replaced large-scale collective farming, and individual small farmers have gradually become the basic production units of society. The emerging landlord class began to step onto the historical stage.
Knowledge point 2: the famous Dujiangyan
1. Construction reasons
During the Warring States period, the valley in the upper reaches of Minjiang River was deep and the water was swift. In the Chengdu Plain, the flow rate suddenly slows down, and the sediment and stones carried by it deposit the river channel. Every summer and autumn, the water potential rises sharply and is often flooded. After the rainy season, there will be drought again. In order to irrigate farmland and turn floods into water conservancy, Dujiangyan was decided to be built.
Construction of Dujiangyan (location, construction time, builder, status and role)
Dujiangyan, located in the middle reaches of Minjiang River, was built by Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County of Qin State during the Warring States Period. This is a world-famous flood control project.
3. The structure and operation principle of Dujiangyan
⑴ Structure: Dujiangyan is composed of Du Jiang Yuzui, Sha Fei Weir and Baokou. The "Du Jiang Fish Mouth" built in the middle of the river divides the river from both banks. Neijiang is used for irrigation and the outer river is used for water diversion. In Leiyushan, an artificial channel "Baojingkou" was dug to introduce water from Neijiang into tributaries to irrigate farmland.
⑵ Operation principle: "Deep scouring beach, low weir". When digging Neijiang, cut off the water flowing into Neijiang and make it flow into the outer river through the low weir. Then in the same way, stop the water into Neijiang and dig it out of the river. In order to ensure the safety of Neijiang irrigation area, it is necessary to build a flying sand weir to prevent the flood in Chengdu Plain, so that the water in Neijiang can overflow into the outer river during the flood period, so the weir should not be built too high.
Significance of Dujiangyan
Dujiangyan wiped out the flood in Minjiang River and irrigated a large area of farmland, making the Chengdu Plain "flood and drought follow people, and hunger is unknown", thus gaining the reputation of "land of abundance". For more than two thousand years, Dujiangyan has been benefiting the people.
Knowledge point 3: Shang Yang's reform
The background of Shang Yang's political reform.
(1) During the Warring States Period, due to the popularization of agricultural tools and Niu Geng, the productivity was significantly improved, and feudal landlords and farmers appeared. In order to establish feudal rule and develop feudal economy, the emerging landlord class set off political reform movements in various countries. Among them, Shang Yang's reform in Qin was the most effective.
⑵ In the process of vassal hegemony, Qin was still relatively backward. Under the pressure of reality, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to reform.
Time, content and significance of Shang Yang's political reform.
time
It began in 356 BC (Qin Xiaogong period).
purpose
enrich the country and strengthen its military force
Guiding ideology
"If the rule of the world is different, the country is illegal and ancient" (Legalist thought)
content
1. The state recognizes private ownership of land and allows free transactions. 2. Reward ploughing, and those who produce more grain and cloth can be exempted from corvee. 3. According to the size of the military industry, the title of Tian Zhai was granted, and the old aristocratic privileges without military industry were abolished. 4. Establish a county system, and the monarch directly sends officials to govern.
nature
The radical political reform movement of the emerging landlord class
meaning
After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin's economy developed, and the fighting capacity of the army continued to strengthen, and it developed into the most prosperous feudal country in the Warring States period.
3. Reasons for the success of Shang Yang's political reform.
Shang Yang's political reform was supported by the monarch and supported by the people. Coupled with Shang Yang's own determination, the reform measures met the requirements of the times, so it was a great success.
4. The impact of political reforms in various countries
During the Warring States period, after political reform, various countries gradually established a feudal system. The rule of the landlord class replaced the aristocratic rule of the slave owners, and the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class became the main contradiction in society. China's feudal society was formed.