In the Middle East, Caspian Sea-Central Asia, Africa and the Far East, major energy consuming countries have fought fiercely to control global oil resources and protect their own economic development and energy security. (1) Before the 1970s, during the first 100 years after the birth of the modern world oil industry, the United States and the former Soviet Union dominated the world oil situation, with the United States occupying an absolute dominant position. Since the first industrial oil well was drilled in 1859, the American oil industry has developed rapidly and the oil output has been increasing. 1954 American oil production accounted for more than 60% of the world's total output, and in 1960 it was as high as 33%, reaching 330 million tons. During this period, American oil was not only self-sufficient, but also exported in large quantities. (2) With the rapid development of the world oil industry in 1970s and 1980s, the oil production in the Middle East increased rapidly, accounting for 65,438+0,960% of the world total.

26%, about 280 million tons, 1972 rose to 35%, reaching 900 million tons, exceeding the total output of the United States and the former Soviet Union (850 million tons, including 490 million tons in the United States), becoming the world's largest oil-producing region, changing the world oil pattern dominated by the United States for a long time, and the oil center shifted to the Middle East.

China petroleum industry background:

The three major oil groups or companies in China are basically organized by regions, and the oil and gas resources and downstream wholesale markets are also divided by regions. In the process of petroleum exploration and development, the three major groups or companies "govern by region". In addition to the three major oil companies, there are also some small local enterprises. The wholesale of refined oil products is subject to strict access control. China Petroleum Group and China Petrochemical Group have the right to wholesale refined oil products, and have the right to formulate the layout plan of wholesale enterprises and submit it to the State Economic and Trade Commission for approval. 1999, qualified refined oil wholesale enterprises other than the two major group companies can be reorganized by the two major groups by means of transfer, joint venture, equity participation and acquisition according to law. It can be seen that the market organization of China's oil and gas industry is characterized by the coexistence of regional division of resources and markets and excessive local competition. The main reason for this situation is the artificial division of resources and market areas, which increases the competitive cost of enterprises. Secondly, the government guidance price distorts the market price signal and lacks the oil market mechanism. Thirdly, the wholesale market is artificially monopolized (the domestic oil wholesale market is dominated by two major oil companies, and oil imports are dominated by three major state-owned companies). Fourth, the law on market order is imperfect and there is no independent market supervision institution. To some extent, large enterprise groups are endowed with government functions. Because there is no anti-monopoly law and independent oil and gas market supervision institution in China, it is impossible to open up competition in the oil and gas industry.