First, the first stage:
1947 ~ 1956, that is, from India's independence to the end of the first five-year plan, is the period of economic recovery. The partition of India not only caused great vendetta between Hindus and Muslims, but also disrupted the already unbalanced national economy. After partition, big cities and industries were located in India, while raw materials and grain producing areas were mostly located in Pakistan. According to statistics, almost 9 1% of large industries such as steel, jute and paper making are left in India, while Pakistan produces 38% of cotton and 80% of jute. This made India spend huge foreign exchange to import jute, cotton and grain in the early days of independence.
In the early days of India's independence, industrial and agricultural production fell sharply. The total index of industrial production decreased from 108.4 in 1948 to 105 in 1950. Agriculture decreased to 95.6 in 1950 ~ 195 1 year, and grain decreased to 90.5. In order to change this situation, the Indian government has formulated the "First Five-Year Plan" (195 1 ~ 1956), with the goal of improving people's living standards, changing India's stagnant economic structure and laying a solid foundation for future economic development. Through hard work, the average growth rate of India's national economy reached 3.6% at the end of the first five-year plan, exceeding the original target of 2. 1%. In five years, industrial production increased by 25% and agricultural production increased by 22.2%. According to the annual price 1970 ~ 197 1, the average annual growth of industrial production, agricultural production and national income is 7.4%, 4.3% and 3.6% respectively.
During this period, prices were relatively stable and the real wages of factory workers returned to the pre-war level (1939). During the "First Five-Year Plan" period, land reform was also implemented, and 40% of cultivated land was transferred to small and medium-sized landlords and wealthy farmers, which alleviated class contradictions in rural areas to some extent and promoted the development of agricultural capitalism in India.
Second, the second stage:
1956 ~ 1966, that is, 10 year when the Second Five-Year Plan and the Third Five-Year Plan were implemented, was the formation period of India's industrial system. According to Nehru's economic development strategy, India's "Second Five-Year Plan" and "Third Five-Year Plan" emphasize giving priority to the development of heavy industry centered on machinery manufacturing. During these two five-year plans, the state concentrated on investing in various heavy industries and basic industries such as electric power, metallurgy, mining, machinery manufacturing, chemical raw materials, oil production, kerosene, petrochemical, chemical fertilizer, and formed a relatively complete industrial system. After 10 years' efforts, industrial production nearly doubled, and the total index rose from136 in 1956 (100 in/950) to 264.4 in 1966.
The fastest growing industrial products are mechanical equipment and durable consumer goods, among which machine tools increase by 2 1 time, internal combustion engines by 7 times, power pumps by 5 times, generators by 4 times and household refrigerators by 6 times. In addition, sugar and edible oil increased by 14% and 13% respectively, while woven cotton fabric decreased by 15.2%. While actively developing state-owned enterprises, the Indian government also encourages private monopoly consortia and new industries built in cooperation with foreign capital. The number of state-owned enterprises in India has increased from 2 1 to 74, and the investment has increased 29 times, from Rs. 8 1 100 million rupees. 241.500 million.
The investment of domestic and foreign monopoly organizations in India increased by 132.5%, from 4.783 billion rupees to 10693 billion rupees. The total assets of the five major consortia in India range from 200 billion rupees. 4.544 billion rupees, 1958. 1319.4 million in 1966, an increase of nearly 2 times.
In agriculture, Nehru's strategy is to implement rural development plans and cooperatives. The core of the former is to establish a cooperative Council system and make it a basic economic and administrative unit in rural areas. It requires that all cultivated land should be included in a broad development plan within 65,438+00 years, and intensive farming plan should be implemented at the suggestion of American experts, and modern technologies such as high-yield varieties, fertilizers and agricultural machinery should be intensively used to achieve the goal of increasing production by a large margin. But the plan was basically not implemented at that time.
1964 After Nehru's death, his successor Chaste abandoned Nehru's above strategy. In the meantime, industry doubled, while agriculture only increased by 14%, with an average annual growth of 1.5%. Moreover, agricultural production is very unstable, and production is reduced once every two or three years, and sometimes it even goes backwards greatly. For example, the agricultural output of 1965 ~ 1966 is lower than that of 1958 ~ 1959. The famine from 1965 to 1967 for two consecutive years, coupled with the India-Pakistan war of 1965 and the interruption of American aid, caused an economic crisis characterized by food panic, inflation, foreign exchange shortage and industrial production reduction. The stagnation and retrogression of agricultural production have seriously affected the development of industry.
Third, the third stage:
From 1966 to 1984, that is, from the three annual plans, through the "Fourth Five-Year Plan", "Fifth Five-Year Plan" and "Sixth Five-Year Plan" to the death of Gandhi in England, the basic feature of this period is to focus on developing agriculture. In the mid-1960s, India was caught in a food panic, and all its food stocks were exhausted. The rationing system is basically maintained by wheat imported from the United States, thus deepening India's dependence on the United States and the World Bank. In order to change this situation, with the support of the United States and the World Bank, Gandhi began to implement the so-called "green revolution", that is, a new strategy for agricultural development.
In terms of industry, it provides new opportunities for private investment at home and abroad, relaxes the industrial license policy, nationalizes 14 large banks (with total deposits accounting for 56% of the country), and approves the construction and expansion of monopoly consortia. During this period, the proportion of investment in agriculture and energy and electricity increased. The proportion of agricultural investment has increased from 20% in the third five-year plan (1964 ~ 1969) to 23% in the fourth five-year plan (1969 ~ 1974). The investment of industrial enterprises dropped from 20% to 18%.
The sixth five-year plan (1980 ~ 1985) accounts for 25.4% of the investment in agriculture (2 1.7% in the fifth five-year plan), and the expenditure on energy and electricity accounts for 28. 1% (26.2% in the fifth five-year plan). During the Sixth Five-Year Plan period, it is estimated that the growth rate of national income will be 5.2% and the growth rate of per capita income will be 3.28%.
Fourth, the fourth stage:
From 1985, after the "Seventh Five-Year Plan", "Eighth Five-Year Plan" and "Ninth Five-Year Plan", that is, after rajiv gandhi took office, successive Indian governments began to adjust their economic policies and carry out economic reforms. In 1980s, when Gandhi was in power, India began to adjust its economic policy, but the adjustment range was too small.
1985 After rajiv gandhi came to power, the pace of reform accelerated. Although the reform has made some achievements, there are still many problems and difficulties. 199 1 Rao has persisted in reform since he took office, and the pace of reform has accelerated, with remarkable achievements, but there are still problems and difficulties.