From 304 AD to 439 AD (from the first year of Yongxing in the Western Jin Dynasty to the unification of the Northern Wei Dynasty), from the south to the Huaihe River to the present, sixteen separatist regimes have been established, with Yinshan Mountain in the north, Jungle Mountain in the west, the sea in the east, the lower reaches of Yalu River in the northeast and Lancang River in the southwest. That is, Cheng () and Han (Xiongnu) established during the Yongxing period of the Western Jin Dynasty, and (Xiongnu), Hou Zhao (Jie), (Han), (Xianbei), Qian Qin (Di), Hou Qin (Qiang), Hou Yan (Xianbei) and Hou Yan (Xianbei) established after the death of the Western Jin Dynasty. In addition, there are (Han) and, but they are not included. Han and former Zhao were merged into one country, which is called the Sixteen Kingdoms Period. The five main tribes that entered the Central Plains, namely Xiongnu, Anta, Xianbei, Bianyi and Qiang, were called Wuhu in history. Known as the five colors and sixteen countries. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Qiang, Di and Xiongnu were already living on the fertile soil of Qin, Yong and Bing. Qiang people and miscellaneous Hu people live in the north and the lower reaches of the Wei River, while the Miao people live on both sides of the middle reaches of the Wei River and on the south bank of the lower reaches. Huns live in the middle and lower reaches of Fenshui, while Jie people live in the upper reaches of Zhang Shu. The ethnic discrimination and cruel oppression and exploitation of the Western Jin government caused their resistance. In 294 AD, Hao San, a Hun, rebelled and was soon killed. In 296 AD, Hao joined forces with Qiang and Hu to rebel, killed the northern satrap, and defeated the satrap of Feng Yi and the secretariat of Yongzhou. Qin, Yong, Emperor and Qiang all responded and elected Emperor Wannian. The great epidemic, drought and famine intensified the uprising, which took four years to be suppressed. Han people went into exile in Liang, Yi, Jing, Yu and other states for food. Under the persecution of officials, Yizhou refugees elected Te Li and his son as leaders, and successively defeated Zhao Gao and Yizhou secretariat Luo Shang. In 304 AD, Li Xiong was proclaimed king according to Chengdu, and in 306 AD, he was proclaimed emperor, with a great title. He implemented a frivolous and generous tax policy, and the people were rich. It was destroyed in the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 347 AD. In the Western Jin Dynasty, the gentry monopolized the political power and excluded the gentry and the nobles of ethnic minorities, which caused the latter's strong dissatisfaction. The rebellion of the Eight Kings and the struggle between the royal families brought great disasters to the people of all ethnic groups. The cruelty and decay of the Western Jin government were exposed, the ruling mechanism fell apart, and the ruling power was sharply weakened. At this time, the Xiongnu nobles secretly discussed that "it is time to rejuvenate the country and resume business." * * * In 304 AD, Liu Yuan was pushed to send troops to fight against Jin, called Hanwang, and Zuoguocheng was built (now northeast of Lishi County, Shanxi Province). Liu Yuan studied Confucianism since childhood, lived in Luoyang for a long time, and had contacts with kings, Zaifu and celebrities. He claimed to inherit Han Zuo and set up three ancestors and five families of Han Gaozu for worship. Wang Mi, Schleswig-Holstein and others also led the army. In 308 AD, he proclaimed himself emperor and moved his capital to Pingyang (now southwest of Linfen City, Shanxi Province). Sending troops to attack Luoyang twice failed. Liu Cong succeeded to the throne in 3 10. In 3 1 1 year, Liu Yao, Wang Mi and Schleswig were sent to capture Luoyang and capture Emperor Jin Huai. In 3 16 AD, Liu Yao was sent to capture Chang 'an (now northwest of Xi City, Shaanxi Province), capture Di Chin Yi alive and destroy the Western Jin Dynasty. In 3 19 AD, Liu Yao, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was stationed in Chang 'an, changed his name to Zhao, and offered a sacrifice to the Xiongnu Khan in Liu Yuan, which was known in history. The territory reaches Shuozhou (now Guyuan County, Gansu Province) in the north, Lueyang (now Tianshui City, Gansu Province) in the south, Bao Han (now northeast of Linxia County, Gansu Province) in the west, Xin 'an (now east of Mianchi County, Henan Province) in the east, and then Zhao is the boundary. In 329 AD, the post-Zhao Dynasty was destroyed by Xerox. Jiezu Xerox, a young commander in Shangdang Wuxiang, was once kidnapped and sold as a slave because of hunger and cold. Later, he gathered to ride thieves in 18, and then called together fugitives and Mori Zi (now Ye Zhen, southwest of Linzhang County, Hebei Province) to break his rights. After running, he attached himself to Liu Yuan, and repeatedly made meritorious military service. In AD 3 1 1, Wang Yan's army was defeated, and Sima Yue's army 1 Yu Wan, together with Liu Yao and Wang Mi, captured Luoyang. Then the fire merged and attacked Jiang and Han in the south. Counselor Zhang took (now Xingtai City, Hebei Province) as the stronghold and took two states. In 3 19, it was called the king of Zhao, and in history it was called the post-Zhao. In 329 AD, the former Zhao was destroyed, and the former Liang was called a vassal, unifying the north. The territory borders the sea in the east, Bao Han in the west, Yinshan and Yuyang in the north (now northern Beijing), Xiangyang, Hefei and Eastern Jin in the south. In Schleswig-Holstein, Jiezu is the ethnic group. Establish imperial academy, cultivate the Jie literati and improve the cultural quality of Jie people. Implement the nine-grade official system to recruit people. "Send envoys to follow the counties, verify household registration, and persuade farmers to teach mulberry." "Everyone rents half the land." Production has been restored and developed. After Shi Hu succeeded to the throne, he moved to the capital Ye, which was destroyed by Wei Ran in 350 AD. Ran Min established the State of Wei, known as Wei Ran in history. It was destroyed by Yan Qian in 352 AD. Since then, the Central Plains has been ruled by Yan Qian and the former Qin Dynasty, while Liangzhou was divided up by Liang Qian. In 30 1 year, Zhang Gui was appointed as the secretariat of Liangzhou, settled the state boundary, became the city god (now Wuwei City, Gansu Province), and kept the boundary for the people. He sent troops to defend Luoyang and Chang 'an many times. After the death of the Western Jin Dynasty, it was still regarded as the new moon of the Western Jin Dynasty, and many scholars in the Central Plains took refuge here. History used to call it cool. Zhang Jun, his grandson, once sent Yang Xuan to lead the troops across quicksand and cut Qiuci and Shanshan, so the western regions fell. The territory is east to the Yellow River, west to Qingji, north to Juyanze (now Ejina Banner in Inner Mongolia) and south to Nanshan (now Qilian Mountain in Gansu). In 376 AD, it was destroyed by the former Qin Dynasty. Xianbei Murong Department was backward in economy and culture, and originally lived in Liaohe River Basin. Under the influence of Han feudal mode of production, it gradually closed down and moved to Dajicheng (now Yixian, Liaoning), Longcheng (now Chaoyang, Liaoning) and Yuji (now southwest of Beijing). In 352 AD, he destroyed Wei Ran, called himself Emperor Yan and moved the capital. History is called Yan Qian. It is adjacent to the sea in the east, Lishi in Shanxi, Luoyang in Henan, Nanyang and Qianqin in the west, Daixian in Shanxi in the north, Huaihe River and Jin Dong in the south. Northeast of the lower reaches of Yalu River. It was destroyed in the former Qin Dynasty in 370 AD. From then on, the former Qin unified the north. Hao Yuhong, a Di native, was born in Lin Wei, Lueyang (now Qin 'an County, Gansu Province). After the Zhao Dynasty, he moved eastward to Fangtou (now Qimendu, southwest of Xun County, Henan Province) and became the governor of refugees. After Zhao's death, his son led the western expedition to Guanzhong, claiming the title of king, establishing Chang 'an as the capital and Qin as the title. History is called Qian Qin. In 357 AD, Fu Jian proclaimed himself emperor, and began to use Wang Meng, an impoverished scholar, to suppress strongmen and develop production. "Tian Chou cultivated hobbies, enriched the national treasury and prepared laws and materials." He destroyed Yan Qian, Liang Qian and Daiguo (Xianbei Tuoba Department), conquered the western regions and unified the north. Also take the eastern and Iraqi States. Its territory starts from Qingji in the west, reaches the sea in the east, reaches Panzhihua City in Sichuan Province in the southwest, reaches the north of the lower reaches of Yalu River in the northeast, reaches Yinshan Mountain in the north, and reaches Huaihe River and Eastern Jin Dynasty in the south. In 383 AD, Fu Jian invaded the Eastern Jin Dynasty and was defeated by Feishui, so Murong, Qiang and Zahu in Xianbei rebelled and became independent. Under the fierce attack of Xiyan, it was destroyed by the late Qin Dynasty in 385 AD. Since then, the Central Plains has been divided by Houyan and Houqin, and Liangzhou has been divided by Hou Liang. Xiyan was built in 384 AD in Xianbei Mu Rongchong, with Acheng as its capital (now northwest of Chang 'an City, Shaanxi Province). Being exterminated, Murong Yong moved his eldest son (now southwest of Zhangzi County, Shanxi Province) and was destroyed by Hou Yan in 394 AD. Houyan was built in Xianbei Mu Rongchui in 384 AD. Du Zhongshan (now Dingxian County, Hebei Province). In 397 AD, Zhongshan was captured by the Northern Wei Dynasty, and Murong Bao moved to Longcheng. In 407 AD, Mr. Murong was killed by Feng Ba and the country perished. Feng Ba, Emperor of Yunxian County, Gao Made, was known as Bei Yan in history. In 409 AD, Feng Ba succeeded to the throne, "save clothes and food and pay less tribute." It was destroyed by the Northern Wei Dynasty in 436 AD. Southern Yan, a sliding platform built in 398 AD (now southeast of hua county, Henan Province), was forced by the Northern Wei Dynasty to lead many counties in Qingzhou to the east, all of which are optical valleys (now east of Shandong and northwest of Qingzhou). 4 10 was destroyed in the eastern Jin dynasty. At the end of the Qin Dynasty, Yao Chang, the leader of Qiang, rose up against Fu Jian in 384 and made Chang 'an his capital. Yao Xing succeeded him in 394. 4 17 was destroyed by the eastern Jin dynasty. Xia was founded in 407 AD in Helian Bobo, Xiongnu, with Wancheng as its capital (now Baicheng in the northeast of Jingbian County, Shaanxi Province). In 4 17 AD, the Eastern Jin Dynasty destroyed the later Qin Dynasty. Defeat the nomads from the army and capture Chang 'an. In 43 1 AD, after He Li Anding destroyed the Western Qin Dynasty, he was attacked by Tuyuhun again, and the country perished. The Western Qin Dynasty was built in 385 AD in Xianbei, the capital of Longxi (now the west of Lanzhou City, Gansu Province). 43 1 year was destroyed by summer. After Xiliang, before 386 AD, Lv Guang, a general of the Qin Dynasty, returned to the Western Regions and was built according to Liangzhou (now Wuwei City, Gansu Province) where he lived. The territory starts from the Yellow River in the east, west to Qingji, south to Qilian Mountain and north to Juyanze. It was destroyed in the late Qin Dynasty in 403 AD. Its west is Xiliang, which was built by Li in 400 AD. Originally the capital of Dunhuang, it moved to Jiuquan (now Jiuquan City, Gansu Province). In 420 AD, it was destroyed in Beiliang; To its east is Nanliang, which was built in Xianbei, Hexi in 397 AD and became Ledu (now Ledu County, Qinghai Province). In 4 14, it was destroyed by the western Qin dynasty. The other is Beiliang, which was built in 397 AD in Qumengxun, a residence in Lushui, Song Lin. It was once the capital of Zhangye (now northwest of Zhangye City, Gansu Province) and later moved to ancient Tibet. It was destroyed in the Northern Wei Dynasty in 439 AD. Although the Sixteen Kingdoms period was divided, it had a far-reaching impact on the historical development of China. First of all, it pioneered the occupation of the Central Plains by ethnic minorities. "What kind of prince would you rather have?" Not only Bobby Chen, a farm laborer, realized this, but also Liu Yuan, Liu Cong, Schleswig-Holstein, Fu Jian and others. The exclusive rule of the Han family was broken. But by ethnic minorities and Han gentry. Most of them were influenced by Confucianism, and they attached great importance to the gentry to restore and develop agricultural production, so that the people got a break and the north gained temporary stability. Compared with the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the same period, it is not inferior. This has a great influence on the historical development of China. Secondly, how minority rulers (and Han counselors) correctly handle ethnic and class contradictions is a new topic put forward by history. Some of them were not well solved at the beginning, and some of them were well solved at the beginning, realizing the reunification of the north, and then failed. Their rule soon collapsed and the north fell into a state of division. However, their experience and lessons have a great influence on the history of China. Therefore, the reform of Emperor Xiaowen appeared in the Northern Wei Dynasty. /view/4025 1.htm