China has been a multi-ethnic country since ancient times. The Han nationality and other nationalities are members of our motherland's big family. Some ethnic groups have a very long history, such as the Qiang nationality in the northwest and the Miao nationality in the south, which appeared at the same time as the formation of the Han nationality. Today, Su Shen, the Manchu ancestor of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Donghu, the Mongolian ancestor of the Shang Dynasty, were both powerful and established political power. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Huns in the north were very powerful and confronted the Qin and Han empires across the Great Wall. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, more countries were established by ethnic minorities, and many countries also entered the Central Plains. During the Song Dynasty, Liao established by Qidan, Jin established by Jurchen nationality and Xia established by Tangut ruled most of China. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the national jurisdiction established by ethnic minorities was wider, and the Yuan Dynasty established by Mongols unified China and became the largest feudal dynasty in the history of China. The Qing Dynasty, which was founded by the Manchu Dynasty, was the largest country in East Asia at that time. Due to the continuous development of all ethnic groups, a unified multi-ethnic country has gradually formed, and ethnic minorities have made great contributions in the process of creating our great motherland. The ethnic group that established the first unified centralized feudal state in China was the Canrong ethnic group, which was always discriminated by the Chinese ethnic group. Under the influence of the advanced economy and culture in the Central Plains, Shang Yang became a powerful country in the Warring States period through the reform, which completed the task of unifying the six countries and promoted the development of China's history. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Northern Wei Dynasty established by Xianbei people gradually became stronger after the reunification of the North, which promoted the economic development of the North and the great integration of people of all ethnic groups and laid the foundation for the reunification of the Sui Dynasty. Later, the Yuan Dynasty established by Mongols and the Qing Dynasty established by Manchu not only occupied the Central Plains, but also unified the whole country. Today's provincial system in China began in the Yuan Dynasty, and today's territory of China was basically determined in the early Qing Dynasty. Economically, ethnic minorities have also played a very important role in the development of the border areas of the motherland. Dongyi people develop coastal areas, Miao and Yao people develop the Yangtze River, Pearl River and Minjiang River basins, Tibetans develop the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Yi and Southwest ethnic groups develop the southwest region, Donghu people develop the northeast region, Xiongnu, Xianbei, Turkic and Mongols successively develop the Mongolian region, Uighur and Northwest ethnic groups develop the northwest region, and Gaoshan ethnic groups develop the island of Taiwan Province Province. It is the people of all ethnic groups in the border areas who have developed the border economy and established close economic exchanges with the Central Plains that have made the multi-ethnic countries form a unified and inseparable economic whole. All ethnic groups have made great contributions to safeguarding the motherland's reunification, national unity and territorial integrity. For example, during the Qing Dynasty, the people of all ethnic groups in Northeast China resisted the invasion of Northeast China by Russia, and the people of all ethnic groups in Northwest China supported the Qing army to counter the struggle of the big and small Zhuo brothers to split the motherland. In modern times, there are more examples of people of all ethnic groups uniting against imperialist aggression. Of course, the development of all ethnic groups in the historical process is unbalanced, both advanced and backward, and their roles are not the same. Among them, a large number of fast-growing ethnic groups have played a greater role in the historical development of our motherland. For example, the Han nationality has played a great role in politics, economy, ideology and culture. This is an objective fact, no doubt. However, this does not mean that the development history of the Chinese nation is the development history of the Han nationality. China, a unified country, was founded not by one nation, but by all ethnic groups, including those that existed in history and have now disappeared. A history of the development of the Chinese nation must include the history of the common development of all ethnic groups. Without the history of ethnic minorities, it cannot be called the history of the Chinese nation. In history teaching, we should neither exaggerate nor shrink the role and position of ethnic minorities in historical development, but tell them realistically. Second, to tell the story of ethnic relations in history, we should analyze it with contradictory views. In the history of China, there was a period of unity in which all ethnic groups lived in harmony and developed peacefully, and a period of division in which all ethnic groups were opposed and fought. There are both regimes established by the Han nationality and ethnic minorities; There are wars within the Han nationality, between the Han nationality and ethnic minorities, and between ethnic minorities; There are both foreign invasion and fighting against foreign invasion. Historically, multi-ethnic China has been united and divided. How should we treat the unity and division of multi-ethnic countries in history? From the viewpoint of dialectical materialism, it is not difficult to see that in a multi-ethnic country like China, when the identity of contradictions is the main position, all ethnic groups get along well, influence each other and develop peacefully, and the country presents a unified state, such as the unification of Qin and Han Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties and so on. When contradictions and struggles dominate, all ethnic groups will confront each other, or even war will break out, and the country will be in a state of war or division, such as the separation of the three countries, the division of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the formation of a state of five dynasties and ten countries. At the same time, contradictory parties can also transform each other. For example, in the wars between Song and Xixia, Liao and Jin, the ruling classes of both sides mobilized almost all the manpower and material resources of their respective sides. However, after the war, there was a situation of peaceful coexistence among all ethnic groups, especially among people of all ethnic groups. Although the national war has caused havoc to the people of all ethnic groups, millions of people have died and the economy and culture have been destroyed, war is also an important way for all ethnic groups to get close to each other. After every war in history, a large number of people from conquered nationalities were forced to move to the settlement of another nationality, and all ethnic groups lived in a wrong place and merged with each other. Ethnic wars often occurred in the Sixteen Countries of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and it was during this period that the climax of ethnic integration was formed. If Mongolians and Manchus do not enter the Central Plains, there will be no more elements integrated into the Han nationality. As for the examples of economic and cultural exchanges caused by war, it is even more common in history. This objectively promoted the formation and consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country in China. Hatred, slaughter and war among ethnic groups in history are only one aspect of ethnic relations. On the other hand, people of all ethnic groups have lived in harmony in history. They have long-term economic and cultural exchanges in production and life, supported each other in the struggle against common class enemies, jointly created and developed a great multi-ethnic motherland, and promoted the development of China's history. This is the essence and mainstream of ethnic relations in the history of China. Third, national heroes in history should be analyzed in two. In China's long-term feudal society, what kind of talents can be regarded as "national heroes"? The Han people regard Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang and others as their national heroes, while the Jurchen and Mongolian people regard Akuta and Genghis Khan as national heroes. Some people think that only those who can represent the interests of the Chinese nation and contribute to the reunification of the motherland can be called national heroes. So how should we be sure? In my opinion, the national heroes in China's history should be analyzed in detail from the viewpoint of dichotomy. We can neither absolutely affirm nor absolutely deny them, let alone draw unilateral conclusions with narrow national sentiment, but should point out their merits and demerits, so as to determine what kind of national heroes they are. We should warmly praise their historical achievements, and pay attention to distinguish the main and secondary aspects of individual tainted figures and give them a realistic evaluation. For example, when telling the story of Yue Fei leading "Yue Jiajun" to resist gold, some students suggested that Yue Fei was not a national hero when he suppressed the peasant uprising. It should be pointed out that the struggle against gold is the main activity of Yue Fei's life. He has been in the army for 20 years and spent most of his time in the front line of resisting gold. Some students suggested that the Song Dynasty was a decadent regime at that time, and it was bound to perish when attacked by foreign enemies, which was in line with the law of historical development. Yue Fei's resistance to gold hindered the unity of the country and the development of history, and could not be regarded as a national hero. In order to solve this problem, teachers should make it clear that the Jin army went south in the form of slaughter and conqueror, and wherever the Jin army went, it was burning, killing and looting, which brought great disasters to the local people. Therefore, Yue Fei's resistance to gold is textual and has the nature of anti-aggression war. His heroic struggle prevented Jin Jun from advancing southward, defended the people of all ethnic groups in the north and south of the Yangtze River, and was conducive to social, economic and cultural development. Although he had the idea of loyalty to the monarch and once suppressed the peasant uprising, judging from the main social contradictions at that time, the stain of his suppression of the peasant uprising was obviously greater than his achievements in the struggle against gold, and he was still worthy of being an outstanding national hero in the ancient history of China. の←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←← The Han nationality and other nationalities are members of our motherland's big family. Some ethnic groups have a very long history, such as the Qiang nationality in the northwest and the Miao nationality in the south, which appeared at the same time as the formation of the Han nationality. Today, Su Shen, the Manchu ancestor of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Donghu, the Mongolian ancestor of the Shang Dynasty, were both powerful and established political power. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Huns in the north were very powerful and confronted the Qin and Han empires across the Great Wall. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, more countries were established by ethnic minorities, and many countries also entered the Central Plains. During the Song Dynasty, Liao established by Qidan, Jin established by Jurchen nationality and Xia established by Tangut ruled most of China. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the national jurisdiction established by ethnic minorities was wider, and the Yuan Dynasty established by Mongols unified China and became the largest feudal dynasty in the history of China. The Qing Dynasty, which was founded by the Manchu Dynasty, was the largest country in East Asia at that time. Due to the continuous development of all ethnic groups, a unified multi-ethnic country has gradually formed, and ethnic minorities have made great contributions in the process of creating our great motherland. The ethnic group that established the first unified centralized feudal state in China was the Canrong ethnic group, which was always discriminated by the Chinese ethnic group. Under the influence of the advanced economy and culture in the Central Plains, Shang Yang became a powerful country in the Warring States period through the reform, which completed the task of unifying the six countries and promoted the development of China's history. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Northern Wei Dynasty established by Xianbei people gradually became stronger after the reunification of the North, which promoted the economic development of the North and the great integration of people of all ethnic groups and laid the foundation for the reunification of the Sui Dynasty. Later, the Yuan Dynasty established by Mongols and the Qing Dynasty established by Manchu not only occupied the Central Plains, but also unified the whole country. Today's provincial system in China began in the Yuan Dynasty, and today's territory of China was basically determined in the early Qing Dynasty. Economically, ethnic minorities have also played a very important role in the development of the border areas of the motherland. Dongyi people develop coastal areas, Miao and Yao people develop the Yangtze River, Pearl River and Minjiang River basins, Tibetans develop the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Yi and Southwest ethnic groups develop the southwest region, Donghu people develop the northeast region, Xiongnu, Xianbei, Turkic and Mongols successively develop the Mongolian region, Uighur and Northwest ethnic groups develop the northwest region, and Gaoshan ethnic groups develop the island of Taiwan Province Province. It is the people of all ethnic groups in the border areas who have developed the border economy and established close economic exchanges with the Central Plains that have made the multi-ethnic countries form a unified and inseparable economic whole. All ethnic groups have made great contributions to safeguarding the motherland's reunification, national unity and territorial integrity. For example, during the Qing Dynasty, the people of all ethnic groups in Northeast China resisted the invasion of Northeast China by Russia, and the people of all ethnic groups in Northwest China supported the Qing army to counter the struggle of the big and small Zhuo brothers to split the motherland. In modern times, there are more examples of people of all ethnic groups uniting against imperialist aggression. Of course, the development of all ethnic groups in the historical process is unbalanced, both advanced and backward, and their roles are not the same. Among them, a large number of fast-growing ethnic groups have played a greater role in the historical development of our motherland. For example, the Han nationality has played a great role in politics, economy, ideology and culture. This is an objective fact, no doubt. However, this does not mean that the development history of the Chinese nation is the development history of the Han nationality. China, a unified country, was founded not by one nation, but by all ethnic groups, including those that existed in history and have now disappeared. A history of the development of the Chinese nation must include the history of the common development of all ethnic groups. Without the history of ethnic minorities, it cannot be called the history of the Chinese nation. In history teaching, we should neither exaggerate nor shrink the role and position of ethnic minorities in historical development, but tell them realistically. Second, to tell the story of ethnic relations in history, we should analyze it with contradictory views. In the history of China, there was a period of unity in which all ethnic groups lived in harmony and developed peacefully, and a period of division in which all ethnic groups were opposed and fought. There are both regimes established by the Han nationality and ethnic minorities; There are wars within the Han nationality, between the Han nationality and ethnic minorities, and between ethnic minorities; There are both foreign invasion and fighting against foreign invasion. Historically, multi-ethnic China has been united and divided. How should we treat the unity and division of multi-ethnic countries in history? From the viewpoint of dialectical materialism, it is not difficult to see that in a multi-ethnic country like China, when the identity of contradictions is the main position, all ethnic groups get along well, influence each other and develop peacefully, and the country presents a unified state, such as the unification of Qin and Han Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties and so on. When contradictions and struggles dominate, all ethnic groups will confront each other, or even war will break out, and the country will be in a state of war or division, such as the separation of the three countries, the division of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the formation of a state of five dynasties and ten countries. At the same time, contradictory parties can also transform each other. For example, in the wars between Song and Xixia, Liao and Jin, the ruling classes of both sides mobilized almost all the manpower and material resources of their respective sides. However, after the war, there was a situation of peaceful coexistence among all ethnic groups, especially among people of all ethnic groups. Although the national war has caused havoc to the people of all ethnic groups, millions of people have died and the economy and culture have been destroyed, war is also an important way for all ethnic groups to get close to each other. After every war in history, a large number of people from conquered nationalities were forced to move to the settlement of another nationality, and all ethnic groups lived in a wrong place and merged with each other. Ethnic wars often occurred in the Sixteen Countries of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and it was during this period that the climax of ethnic integration was formed. If Mongolians and Manchus do not enter the Central Plains, there will be no more elements integrated into the Han nationality. As for the examples of economic and cultural exchanges caused by war, it is even more common in history. This objectively promoted the formation and consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country in China. Hatred, slaughter and war among ethnic groups in history are only one aspect of ethnic relations. On the other hand, people of all ethnic groups have lived in harmony in history. They have long-term economic and cultural exchanges in production and life, supported each other in the struggle against common class enemies, jointly created and developed a great multi-ethnic motherland, and promoted the development of China's history. This is the essence and mainstream of ethnic relations in the history of China. Third, national heroes in history should be analyzed in two. In China's long-term feudal society, what kind of talents can be regarded as "national heroes"? The Han people regard Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang and others as their national heroes, while the Jurchen and Mongolian people regard Akuta and Genghis Khan as national heroes. Some people think that only those who can represent the interests of the Chinese nation and contribute to the reunification of the motherland can be called national heroes. So how should we be sure? In my opinion, the national heroes in China's history should be analyzed in detail from the viewpoint of dichotomy. We can neither absolutely affirm nor absolutely deny them, let alone draw unilateral conclusions with narrow national sentiment, but should point out their merits and demerits, so as to determine what kind of national heroes they are. We should warmly praise their historical achievements, and pay attention to distinguish the main and secondary aspects of individual tainted figures and give them a realistic evaluation. For example, when telling the story of Yue Fei leading "Yue Jiajun" to resist gold, some students suggested that Yue Fei was not a national hero when he suppressed the peasant uprising. It should be pointed out that the struggle against gold is the main activity of Yue Fei's life. He has been in the army for 20 years and spent most of his time in the front line of resisting gold. Some students suggested that the Song Dynasty was a decadent regime at that time, and it was bound to perish when attacked by foreign enemies, which was in line with the law of historical development. Yue Fei's resistance to gold hindered the unity of the country and the development of history, and could not be regarded as a national hero. In order to solve this problem, teachers should make it clear that the Jin army went south in the form of slaughter and conqueror, and wherever the Jin army went, it was burning, killing and looting, which brought great disasters to the local people. Therefore, Yue Fei's resistance to gold is textual and has the nature of anti-aggression war. His heroic struggle prevented Jin Jun from advancing southward, defended the people of all ethnic groups in the north and south of the Yangtze River, and was conducive to social, economic and cultural development. Although he had the idea of loyalty to the monarch and once suppressed the peasant uprising, judging from the main social contradictions at that time, the stain of his suppression of the peasant uprising was obviously greater than his achievements in the struggle against gold, and he was still worthy of being an outstanding national hero in the ancient history of China.