The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period more than 2000 years ago (770 BC ~ 22 BC1year).
The development of seal cutting and seals of Qin and Han dynasties were used as symbols and certificates of power in ancient people's communication. In addition, seals such as auspicious words, filial piety and Huang Zhang also reflect the customs of ancient social life and people's ideology.
Ancient seal "Yi Chang Yi Sheng Lu Zhi"
The earliest ancient seal is the ancient seal, which mostly belongs to the Warring States period and also has relics from the Spring and Autumn Period. Ancient seals are divided into official seals and private seals. At that time, they were called seals regardless of rank. Qin used to write □ or □. There are two kinds of seals: Zhu Wen (with raised characters, also called Yang Wen) and Bai Wen (with concave characters, also called Yin Wen). The shapes and sizes of ancient seals vary, from rectangular to square.
Shapes, circles and other shapes. The content includes official position, name, Kyrgyz language and Xiao pattern. Ancient seals were made by seiko, chiseled or cast; The seal is fine and the composition is vivid. Zhu Wenxi's sidebar is a little wide, and Bai Wenxi has many bounded squares. There is also an ancient seal with Zhu, which is also very unique. It can be seen that the production of seals was mature at that time. Three items similar to ancient seals were found in Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan Province. Some people infer that the origin of ancient seals should be in Shang Dynasty, but further discussion is needed. In the Qin dynasty, the emperor's seal was called seal, and the common people's seal was called seal. Qin Zhuan is a copy, similar to Xiao Zhuan in Qin Dynasty. The seal of Qin seal is solemn and beautiful, and the characters of "mouth" and "field" are added to the square official seal, and the word "day" is added to the rectangular seal (also known as semi-pass seal), which is the remarkable feature of Qin seal. Besides official seal and private seal, Qin seal was also printed in official language, which created a precedent for later generations to print casually.
Ye Yi's local accent in Qin Dynasty
Han dynasty is an unprecedented glorious period for the development of Xi seal. In the Han dynasty, except for the emperor's seal, all the others were called seals. Some are called seals or seals in official seals, while others are called seals or seals in private seals. The word seal, which is commonly used now, comes from this. Printing in China is richer in content and form than before, especially private printing. China seal is printed with Miao seal script. This font is related to the rise of official script in Han dynasty, with simple structure and straight strokes. There is also a bird book printed in Chinese, which is very decorative and an ancient artistic font. China and India split casting and chiseling. Most of the seals in the Western Han Dynasty were cast, among which the seals in Xin Mang at the end of the Western Han Dynasty were the most exquisite. The seal of the Eastern Han Dynasty is characterized by block printing. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, because of social unrest and war, officials and generals were often mobilized or killed, resulting in frequent sacrifices. Usually, seals are carved on the blank prepared in advance, and most of them are unadorned. The casting and printing in Han Dynasty were solemn and vigorous, and the block printing was exquisite and extraordinary. These two completely different styles greatly influenced and inspired the seal cutting of later generations.
Official Power in Han Dynasty (Official Seal)
Seal of Sun Gan in Han Dynasty (Private Seal)
There was also a kind of mud print in ancient times, also called mud print. When pipa was first discovered, it was mistaken for a seal model, but it was actually a seal mold left by a seal. Before the invention of paper, the ancients often wrote official documents, accounts and letters on bamboo slips. In the process of transferring bamboo slips, in order to keep them strictly confidential and prevent forgery, soft mud was added to the knots of bamboo slips, and then covered with cymbals.
Seal, this is the so-called silence This method was also used to seal some items in ancient times. Due to the extrusion of the seal on the mud, the seal mud forms a wide edge and a set edge. After the seal is printed on the mud, there will be a special effect of changing "white" into "Zhu" and a heavy artistic feature.
Barter in Han Dynasty (Bird and Insect Book Seal)
Qi Shi Yu Fu in Han Dynasty (sealed with mud)
The seals of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties basically followed the shape of Han and India. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, paper was widely used, so a new seal cutting method appeared, and the seal mud method began to be abolished. Instead, it uses inkpad made of cinnabar to seal the seal, which is called Zhu-absorbing system. The official seals of the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, up to the Song and Yuan Dynasties, were enlarged to compete with Zhu Wenyi. Indian Wen Qu
Bending back and forth to fill the gap on the printed surface. In the Song Dynasty, it developed into a ten-fold seal script, losing the graceful statutes of the traditional seal script.
Seal of Vice President of Yuan Dynasty (nine stacks)
During the Sui, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, calligraphy and painting developed greatly. Some people, for the purpose of collecting calligraphy and painting, seal cutting with painters has gradually become a trend, so that collection seals, collection seals and leisure seals are prevalent, which is an important factor in the development of practical seals to seal cutting. Stamp the calligraphy and painting works with a bright red seal, so that the calligraphy and painting works can be compared.
With the organic integration of calligraphy and painting, seals have become the object of appreciation at the same time, which is called epigraphy and painting. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, people paid more and more attention to seals, and literati painters appeared who could do this. In addition, such as the History of Xuanhe Seal, Yang's Collection of Ancient Seals and Collection of Ancient Records, etc., all collected ancient seals, and China of Wuqiuyan wrote about the Yuan Dynasty.
The earliest theoretical work on Indian studies, Xuepian. Zhao Meng, a painter and calligrapher, is famous for being good at seal cutting Zhu Wen. Many private seals in Song and Yuan Dynasties are also very artistic, and some are written by literati. Zhu Ji seal in Song Dynasty and Huaya seal in Yuan Dynasty also have their own characteristics, both of which have official script and regular script seal cutting, which are the seal cutting materials and methods that later seal carvers attach importance to.
The materials and textures of ancient seals are mostly metal and jade. Although these printed materials have the advantages of extremely slow wear and long hanging, due to their high hardness and hard carving, the production of ancient seals must be made by specialized craftsmen. It is said that Wang Mian, a painter at the end of Yuan Dynasty, first carved with Elaeagnus angustifolia. As early as in ancient times, there were lithographs in seals, and there were also lithographs in private seals in Tang and Song Dynasties. Elastase is easy to carve. Since it was adopted in Wang Mian, it has opened up a new world for literati and artists to carve with knives. Wen Peng of the Ming Dynasty also recorded the lettering of smooth stone (frozen stone). The extensive use of lithographic materials provides superior material conditions for the development of seal cutting.
The school of seal cutting was formed in the middle of Ming Dynasty, and seal cutting has developed into a unique seal cutting. It has developed into an independent art from the practical use and accessories of painting and calligraphy. The word seal cutting used to refer to writing, which was meticulous. "Seal cutting is seal script, and seal cutting is to carve articles", and Korean "Fa Yan" also said that "a boy carves a worm seal" and "a strong man doesn't do it", which also refers to painstakingly carving chapters and sentences when creating words, but later it became the name of seal cutting. Seal cutting is an expert in Ming and Qing dynasties, and there are many factions. Seal cutting schools are generally named after the seal carver's native place, surname, mentoring relationship and activity area. During the nearly 500 years from the middle of Ming Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty, various styles and schools appeared, which promoted the development of ancient seal cutting in China.
To another boom. Wen Peng was the eldest son of painter Wen Zhiming in Ming Dynasty. His poems, paintings and calligraphy are all handed down from family, especially seal cutting, which is very famous in contemporary times. Later seal engravers regarded him as the ancestor of seal engraving. Wen Peng has made great efforts to restore the Chinese-Indian tradition. His round bead seal, combined with Xiao Zhuan, is beautiful, elegant and most distinctive. Knife is bright and free and easy; The arrangement of rules is also quite clever. His thought of "six books as the criterion" is still the law that seal engravers follow. Due to Wen Peng's advocacy, seal cutting was "temporarily relaxed and relaxed". Wenpeng School is called Wu School. Wumen seal engravers include Li, Chen Wanyan, Gu Ling, Gu Xin and others. He Zhen, who is as famous as Wen Peng, studied under Wen Peng in his early years and later took the seal of Qin and Han. He created a variety of art forms in seal cutting, and was praised as a "master" who learned from the past and did not paint the past, which had a great influence on later generations. He Zhen School is called Huizhou School. The seal engravers of this school are Wu Zhong, Jin Guangxian, Hu and others. In the Ming Dynasty, there were, Gan □, Zhu Jian and Wang Yin. Can create their own schools.
Ming dynasty? Wen Peng: Crane Playing the Piano
Ming dynasty? He Zhen: Listen to the depths of thrush.
With the prevalence of epigraphy in Qing Dynasty and a large number of epigraphy cultural relics unearthed in past dynasties, many scholars devoted themselves to the collection, research, writing and dissemination of these cultural relics and ancient characters, thus expanding the vision of seal engravers. There are more schools of seal cutting in Qing Dynasty than ever before. Cheng Xiang was the best in the early Qing Dynasty, and his seal cutting was quite creative. his
Bai studied French and Chinese printing, which is thick and concise; Zhu Xi used the big seal script, which was bizarre and laid the foundation of Huizhou school. In the middle of Qing Dynasty, seal cutting entered a prosperous period, and the seal cutting of Gao, Wang, Ba Weizu, Dong Xun, Hu Tang and others were all original and full of individuality. Among them, Ding Jing and Deng have the greatest influence and the highest achievements. Ding Jing's seal cutting comes directly from the Ming Dynasty, mainly
Zhu Jian also took Han and India as his religion, but he did not imitate the past for the purpose, but absorbed nutrition from many aspects to breed changes, and became a pioneer of Zhejiang School. This school has been inherited and developed by eight successors, including Jiang Ren, Xi Gang, Chen Yuzhong, Chen Hongshou, Zhao and so on, and has become the most influential seal cutting school in Qing Dynasty. These eight seal engravers are also called Xiling Eight. Among them, Song Qian can break through the barriers of Zhejiang School, with innovative composition, three-dimensional knife technique and the greatest achievement. Since Ding Jing, in the history of seal cutting, Deng is a pioneer who integrates original works, cursive script, official script and seal script. Influenced by Cheng Xiang, his seal cutting was imitated by Huizhou School in the early days. At first, he entered the seal script with the small seal script, and later joined the seal script of Shi Guwen and Hanbei, which opened up a new way of printing outside India. Because Deng is an Anhui, his seal cutting is called Anhui School, also known as Deng School. Many seal engravers in the late Qing Dynasty were influenced by it, such as Wu Xizai, Xu Sangeng and Huang Shiling. Among them, Wu Xizai is the one who can best convey the mantle of Deng School. His seal cutting and knife cutting make the turning vivid and freely, fully showing the brushwork, holding the knife like a pen, and being skilled. His impression is elegant. Later, many people who studied Deng Shiru began with Wu Xizai's seal cutting. It is nothing new that seal cutting in the late Qing Dynasty was mostly shrouded in Zhejiang and Anhui schools. In addition, the seal cutting of Weng Danian, Wang Shijing, Xu Lun and others, although profound in skill, blindly followed the Qin and Han Dynasties, is ultimately lacking in creativity. It was Zhao, Hu□, Wu Changshuo and these brilliant seal engravers who, with their superb creativity, made the printing altar in the late Qing Dynasty show a vibrant situation again. Zhao has profound attainments in calligraphy and painting, and has been in and out of Zhejiang and Anhui seal cutting schools for many times. He not only borrowed from Qin and Han seal cutting, but also put inscriptions into seal cutting, forming a variety of styles of his seal cutting. His white printing is dignified, Zhu's printing is colorful, and the knife and stone can show pen and ink interest. His carving style is also unique, breaking through the previous stereotypes and finally establishing the status of Zhao School. Wu Changshuo was a great artist in the late Qing Dynasty. He has profound attainments in poetry, calligraphy and printing. His seal cutting began with Zhejiang School and Huizhou School, and he got Deng and Wu Xizai from the law. Later, he devoted himself to seal cutting in Qin and Han Dynasties, seal mud and ancient Wen Tao, and incorporated Shi Guwen's brushwork into seal cutting. Good at punching with a blunt knife and punching with a knife. His seal cutting has a vigorous and simple beauty, and is honored as Wu Pai by later generations, which has a great influence on the domestic and Japanese printing circles. There are many descendants of this school, among which Shi Zhao and Chen Shiceng are the best. Huang Shiling began to learn Wu Xizai's seal cutting, and later turned to Qin and Han seal cutting, especially like to use bronze inscriptions for printing; Ingenious composition, bizarre and interesting; Knives are also vigorous and magnificent, and seal cutting is often unadorned, and fragmentation is not advocated. His seal cutting is simple and clumsy, and it has sprung up in the printing industry in the late Qing Dynasty. Because he lived in Guangzhou for the longest time, he had the greatest influence on Lingnan seal engravers. Some people call Huang Shiling seal cutting the Zhishan School.
Qing dynasty? Ding Jing: Ancient Hangzhou Shen Xin.
Qing dynasty? Deng Shiru: "Love is not the Lord"
Qing dynasty? Modern seal carvers of Huang Shiling's "Wuyuan Yudan Hidden Stone Painting and Calligraphy" have constantly pioneered the development path of seal carving schools, borrowed from the excellent national artistic traditions, broke through the seal cutting norms of Qin and Han Dynasties and Ming and Qing Dynasties, and dared to innovate and explore constantly, thus opening a new page in modern seal cutting. There are Ding Ren, Wang□, Yi, Wang Daxin, Qiao Zengmai, Qian Shoutie, Zhao Shuru, Shou Shigong, Lai Chusheng and Fu Baoshi, among which Qi Baishi has the greatest influence. His seal cutting began to learn from Ding Jing and later imitated Zhao and Han. He also incorporated Han and Wei calligraphy, such as "The Monument to Sangong Mountain" and "The Monument to the Temple of Heaven", into his seal cutting. He used the simple single-knife method and the "urgency" of the Han Dynasty.
Zhang creates a surprisingly ups and downs, dripping and vigorous charm.
I hope you are satisfied.