Nurhachi was born in a family of Jurchen nobles in Jianzhou. Grandfather Chang 'an and father Tucker were both nobles of Jurchen, who were appointed as officials of Jianzhou by the Ming Dynasty. Nurhachi practiced riding and archery since he was a child, and he developed a good martial arts. At the age of ten, his mother died and his stepmother treated him badly. Nurhachi had to leave his family and go to local friends to hunt, dig ginseng, pick pine nuts and mushrooms in the vast forest, and then take these mountain products to Fushun to sell and earn money. Fushun market is very lively, where Jurchen often exchange mountain products for iron, food, salt and textiles with Han people. Nurhachi met many Han people in Fushun and learned Chinese. He also likes reading novels such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin.
Several tribes of Jianzhou Jurchen attacked and killed each other. Li, the commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty, used the contradictions among the ministries of Jianzhou to strengthen his rule. When Nurhachi was twenty-five years old, there was a Duke of Toulon in the Jurchen Department of Jianzhou, Nikan Wailan, who led the Ming army to attack Artest, Duke of Gule Village. Artest's wife is the granddaughter of Jue Chang 'an. When Chu Chang 'an got the news, he took Taksi to visit his granddaughter in Gulezhai. When the Ming army attacked Gule Village, it was felt that Chang 'an and Taksi were both killed by the Ming army in the melee.
Nurhachi wept bitterly and buried his grandfather and father, but thinking that he was too weak to offend the Ming army, he concentrated all his resentment on Nikan Wailan. He ran to the Ming officials and said, "My grandfather and father killed Nikan Wailan. As long as you give me Nikan Wailan, I will be happy. " Ming officials only returned the bodies of his grandfather and father to him, but refused to hand over Nikan Wailan.
Nurhachi returned home full of grief and indignation, dug out 13 sets of armor left by his father and distributed them to soldiers to attack Toulon. Nurhachi was brave and good at fighting, and Nikan Wailan was no match for him, so he fled in a panic. Nurhachi conquered the city of Toulon, continued to pursue it, and took the opportunity to conquer some tribes of Jianzhou Jurchen. Nikan Wailan fled east and west, and finally fled to Aierhun (near Qiqihar today), requesting the protection of the Ming army. Nurhachi also chased there. Seeing that he refused to give up, the Ming army was afraid of causing war, so he let Nurhachi kill Nikkanwailan.
Nuerhachi's destruction of Japan is comparable to that of other places, and its momentum is growing. A few years later, Jurchen unified the state. This caused panic in other departments of the Jurchen nationality. At that time, there were three jurchen families, besides Jianzhou jurchen, there were also Hercynian jurchen and "savage" jurchen. Ye He is the strongest among the jurchen in Haixi. In A.D. 1593, Yehe joined forces with nine tribes of Jurchen and Mongolia to form an alliance with 30,000 soldiers, and attacked Nurhachi in three ways.
Nurhachi heard that nine allied forces were coming to attack and prepared for the battle in advance. He ambushed a good soldier on his way to the enemy; On the hillside by the roadside, there were rolling stones. Everything was arranged and he slept soundly. His wife was very anxious, so she woke him up and asked him, "How did you sleep when nine soldiers came to attack?" Are you really scared? "
Nurhachi smiled and said, "If I am afraid, I can't sleep even if I want to."
The next day, the spies sent by Jianzhou returned a large number of enemy soldiers, and the soldiers were a little scared. Nurhachi explained: "Don't be afraid. Now we have occupied the danger zone. Although there are many enemy soldiers, they are just a mob. We must look at each other. If anyone leads the troops to attack first, we will kill one or two of his leaders, not afraid that they will not retreat. "
Nine allied forces arrived at the foot of Guleshan Mountain, and the Jianzhou soldiers were ready on the mountain, sending one hundred cavalry to challenge them first. A leader of Yehe Department rushed in and the horse tripped over a stake. Jianzhou soldiers went up and killed him, and another leader was scared to death when he saw this. Gal, the nine-power allied forces did not have a unified command, and fought separately. Nurhachi pursued the victory and defeated Yehe. A few years later, the ministries of the Jurchen nationality were basically unified.
In the process of unifying Nuzhen, Nuerhachi compiled Nuzhen into the Eight Banners, which is both an administrative unit and a military organization. There are many records of awesome people under each banner, one of which has 300 people. They usually plow, hunt and fight in wartime. This not only promoted production, but also strengthened combat effectiveness. In order to paralyze the Ming dynasty, he kept paying tribute to the Ming dynasty. The Ming court thought that Nurhachi was obedient and named him General Dragon and Tiger. He also went to Beijing many times to witness the reality of the Ming government. In A.D. 16 16, he thought the time was ripe, and with the support of the Eight Banners, he ascended the throne in Hetuala (near Xinbin, Liaoning Province), which was called Daikin in history. In order to distinguish it from the Jin dynasty in the past, it was called the post-Jin dynasty in history. Nurhachi (1559- 1626), emperor of the Qing Dynasty, was a jurchen. The founder of the Qing Dynasty, fluent in Chinese, likes reading Romance of the Three Kingdoms. At the age of twenty-five, he rose up in his ancestral home, unified the ministries of Jurchen, pacified the Northeast, and repeatedly defeated the Ming army. In the forty-four years of Wanli, the post-Jin Dynasty was established in Ming Shenzong, and the separatist regime was established in Liaodong, thus establishing the Yuan destiny. After the Battle of Salhu, he moved to Shenyang. The following year, in the battle of Ningyuan City, he was injured by Amin general Yuan Chonghuan and died of grief. After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, he was honored as the Qing Taizu.
In the thirty-eighth year of Jiajing of Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty (1559), Nurhachi was born in Hetuala City (now Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County, Fushun City, Liaoning Province), the left-back department of Sukesu in Jianzhou. Grandfather Jue Chang 'an, father Texaco are under the command of Jianzhou Zuo Wei, and mother is Xianzuxuan. When I was young, I did business and knew Chinese. I used to take the surname Tong (in the Ming Dynasty, the Han people surnamed Tong were all prominent families in Liaodong, and many of Tong Jiashi's jurchen took Tong Jiashi as their surname, because Nuerhachi had adopted a son-in-law in Tong Jiashi, and his father-in-law Tambayan also claimed to be Tong, so Nuerhachi also raised his status by claiming to be Tong).
In the Jurchen area at that time, the company commander of Liaodong in Danielle was the most powerful military force at that time. He took advantage of the contradictions among the tribes of Jurchen and with other ethnic tribes to control the situation. In the second year of Wanli (1574), Aric, oppressed by the Ming Dynasty (some people think that Aric was the grandfather of the governor of Akuta Nurhachi), rose up against the Ming Dynasty and was defeated and killed. Aric's son Artest fled to Gule (now Gu Lou Village, Jiahe Town, Xinbin County). Ron Artest's wife is Jue Chang 'an's granddaughter and Tucker's niece. In the 11th year of Wanli (1583), Li attacked Gulezhai. Chu Chang 'an and Texaco visited the city, but they were trapped in the village because of the war. Under the command of Li, Nikan Wailan, Duke of Jurchen Suk Toulon City (now Xinbin Tangtu Township) in Jianzhou, lured Kaicheng, and after breaking the village, the massacre, Chu Changan and Tucker were not spared. Nurhachi and his younger brother Shu Erba were released by Li's wife when they were defeated because of their extraordinary appearance.
Nurhachi met Yidu and others on his way home. He was equipped with thirteen pairs of armor. After he returned to Jianzhou, he sent someone to ask why the Ming Dynasty wanted to kill his father and his father. The Ming Dynasty returned the remains of Nurhachi's ancestors and father, and gave him "30 imperial edicts, 30 war horses, a dragon and tiger general, and a commander-in-chief".
In the 11th year of Wanli (1583), in May, Nurhachi set out with thirteen pairs of armor and thirty people. Other Jianzhou tribes were gradually annexed (only Ahai, the minister of East Afghanistan, had 400 soldiers), and Yehe, Wula and Hadaqiang of Haixi surrendered to tens of thousands of Jurchen in Jianzhou, Haixi and "Savage". After the establishment of Jin Guo, they ascended the throne of Jurchen King.
In the forty-six years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 18), Fushun fell, and more than 500 castles such as Dongzhou and Magendian fell, and 300,000 people and animals were plundered in the Ming Dynasty, and the population decreased by 1000. Defeated our time in Liaodong, led ten thousand soldiers to save Ding, and beheaded the generals, lieutenants and lieutenants. Li Yongfang, a general of the Ming Dynasty, betrayed the nation and the country and took refuge in Nurhachi. He was promoted from a guerrilla to a deputy commander, and married his granddaughter. He was called "Fushun" honorably, and gave the people a lot of cattle, horses, pigs, dogs, clothes, houses and fields, and set up officials according to the Ming system, so that Li Yongfang was in charge. Fushun fell, the company commander died, and the defeat was reported to Beijing. "The ruling and opposition parties were shocked." In the Ming Dynasty, Levin, a former "military officer in charge of North Korea" and governor of Liaodong, took Li, the son of Ningyuan Li, as the company commander of Liaodong, mobilized troops everywhere, discussed 100,000 soldiers and paid 3 million yuan to prepare for large-scale suppression of the state.
In April of the 46th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 18), Li Yichao, the governor of Liaodong, and others jointly suppressed the Communist Party, accusing him of "being a slave to the chieftain, being eight men" and "making trouble without reason, plotting to attack Fushun, doing the wrong thing, and committing a heinous crime, hell to pay". Company commander Li announced: "Now there is a clear decree. We should choose one million elite soldiers and ten thousand brave men, move forward separately, catch Yuan evil and be diligent in the streets. " In December of the 46th year of Wanli, Levin played "Enjoying the Enjoyment of Slaves", which was repeated by Huang Jiashan, a minister of the Ministry of War, and was awarded to the world with the approval of Emperor Wanli. According to the reward rules, all the uncles who capture and behead Nurhachi, the eight viceroy, and twelve relatives of Nurhachi alive, as well as their Zhong Jun, pioneers, leaders who led the troops, and small leaders who led the troops with Chinese and foreign interests, will be rewarded and awarded world posts. Ye Hejin and Baylor, the Buyang dog, can "capture and behead the slave chieftain alive", "that is, give him a letter to build a state and seal his land as General Dragon and Tiger".
On February 11th, forty-seven years of Wanli, the governors of Liaodong, Wang Keshou, Zhou Yongchun and Chen of the Ming Dynasty called the Liao generals in Liaoyang and agreed to divide the troops into four ways. The former company commander Marin was the main force of North Road, Juniper was the main force of West Road, Li was the main force of South Road and Liu Wan was the main force of East Road. There are more than 88,500 soldiers on the fourth road, plus13,000 North Korean soldiers and 2,000 Ye soldiers, claiming to be 470,000 and carrying tens of thousands of guns. They agreed to leave the border on the second day of March, meet at Erdaoguan, and concentrate on attacking Hetuala, the capital of Houjin.
On June 16th, four years of mandate of heaven, Nurhachi took advantage of Zheng, an official of Kaiyuan Road, who was greedy and fatuous, ignored the defense and the slack negligence of company commander Marin, and led a great army to attack the former military town of Liaodong. Marin and other officials will die heroically. Tieling fell on July 25th. Under the situation that the military progress was exceptionally smooth, Nurhachi took a series of political, economic and diplomatic measures to consolidate internal affairs, enhance strength, break through the tight encirclement and create conditions for seizing Liaodong.
In July of four years of destiny, before Kaiyuan, the prefect, Dai, Jin, Bai Qice and Dai led more than 20 people to "seek their wives and surrender" because their children were captured. Twenty members of the Tong family also fled the Ming Dynasty. Nurhachi was very happy and told him, "Ni Kan has never defected to other countries." "Those who came here to surrender know that God helped me. He heard that I support people and came to vote for me. " We should be good at raising people who come to vote. So he gave it to 6,000 people, 50 horses and cattle, 50 sheep, two camels, 520 pieces of silver, 10 pieces of silk and a hundred pieces of cloth. Guard the fort for forty men, forty generals, forty horses and cattle, forty sheep, a camel and forty taels of silver. Eight pieces of satin and eighty pieces of cloth. The rest of the entourage gave them their wives, servants Aha, Tian She, cows, horses, clothes, food and other things according to their duties. On July 26th, Nurhachi led the late Jin army, defeated the Baylor soldiers who helped the Ming Dynasty, such as Harkabuzhai, in Tieling, and captured Zhai's three sons and Seben's twenty Baylor and Taiji, which greatly changed the relationship between Manchu and Mongolian.
In March of the fifth year of Destiny, Nurhachi formulated the system of "ranking titles according to merits" for the first time, citing the official statement of the Ming Dynasty, which divided the company commanders, lieutenants, generals and guerrillas into three classes. Generally speaking, the person appointed as Taniyama is the company commander, Mailer is the lieutenant, and the generals and guerrillas belong to Gallas. Originally, the amount of cattle was always reserved. From company commanders to guards, they are all world posts. In addition, each cow has a record, with four members. This has played a considerable role in encouraging the Eight Banners to be loyal to Khan and contribute to the country.
On the fourth day of June in five years of destiny, Nurhachi ordered two trees to be erected outside the door, and ordered: "Anyone who can't meet the next situation can hang a book on the tree, and I will tell the story to the end for interrogation." This move is conducive to caring for the people, safeguarding justice, and making it possible for the next situation to achieve great success. In the same month, Nurhachi sent people to cook salt in the East China Sea for the first time. The Jurchen area in Jianzhou never produces salt, so it is difficult to get ten, eight or twenty kilograms of salt from the border officials of the Ming Dynasty by means of "reward" and "complaining", so that a considerable number of Jurchen people have no salt to eat for a long time, and Tu Aha often runs away because there is no salt to eat. This time, the effect of cooking salt was remarkable, and it was quickly shipped back to120 thousand Jin, which was "given according to the quantity in China", which alleviated the extremely tight supply of salt to some extent.
In September of the fifth year of the mandate of heaven, Nurhachi handled a major internal dispute of the royal family and put forward the system of "ruling the country together" for the first time. For a long time, A Min of the Second Baylor hated his half-brother Jaisang Goubelle, and Fujin, the son of Daishan of the Big Baylor, insulted Shuo Baylor, and the relationship was very tense. On the third day of September, Zhai Sanggu and Shuo Tuo were told that they were going to the Ming Dynasty. /kloc-on 0/3, Nurhachi agreed with Baylor and ministers to "send troops to block the road of the Ming Dynasty" and was detained and imprisoned that night. Daishan and A Min beg Khan to kill them. On the 20th, Nurhachi concluded that Zhai Sangu and Shuotuo were complaining to their brothers and elders, not betraying, and ordered their release. It was immediately found out that Daishan did not associate "a current friend from China" with his ex-wife's son, Yue Tuo Shuotuo, and falsely accused Shuotuo of adultery with his second concubine. Nurhachi was furious and severely condemned Daishan. He angrily pointed out that such a person who wanted to kill his parents after hearing his wife's rumors, "how can he be qualified to be the king of a country?" Immediately announced in public: "Before (to make Daishan attack his father's country), he used to be a prince. If he abandons it now, his friends will take it away." On the 28th, Daishan personally killed his stepwife and wrote to Nurhachi, demanding that "Father Khan be reborn if he is not executed", hoping to make him plead guilty. Nurhachi showed a generous attitude and made Daishan swear to ease the relationship with his brothers. Dai Shan swore to heaven that she would "never do anything wrong again" and was resentful. Baylor and other ministers "swore an oath" and accused Dai Shan of his fault, announcing that "A Min Tai Chi, Mangutai Tai Chi, Huang Taiji, Dege, Yue Tuo, Girard Lang, Archie Aguo, Dourgen and Duoduo are the real names of Heshuo", stipulating that the new Khan "shall not run amok" and shall not be demoted because of his own personal grievances. If a certain Heshuo amount really commits the crime of disturbing government affairs, the other Seven Flags and Heshuo amount will make a judgment and impose a fine, and the killing will be punished. Although Daishan was deposed as a prince, she still ruled the original Zheng Hongqi and Hongqi, and still ranked first among the four Baylers, taking charge of state affairs and organizing troops to go out. The internal contradictions of the ruling class in the post-Jin dynasty have been greatly alleviated.
162 1 year, Nurhachi moved the capital to Liaoyang and built the capital of East China. In the second year of the Apocalypse (1622), Nurhachi defeated Xiong Tingbi, the governor of Liaodong, and Wang Huazhen, the governor of Liaodong, and captured Guangning (now Beining City, Liaoning Province), an important town in the west of the Ming Dynasty. Xiong Tingbi was defeated and Wang Huazhen was sentenced to death and imprisonment. 1625 Nurhachi moved the capital to Shenyang.
1626 1 month, nuerhachi launched the battle of Ningyuan, which was defeated by Yuan Chonghuan, the commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty, and retreated to Shengjing (Shenyang). In April of the same year, Nurhachi led a large army to conquer Mongolia, Khalkha Mongolia, and "entered Silla Wood Wheel to get its livestock". In May, Ming and Mao attacked Anshan, and Nurhachi returned to Shengjing. In mid-July, Nuerhachi suffered from toxic gangrene and went to Qinghe Tangquan for recuperation on July 23rd. On August 7th and 11th, I sailed down the Taizi River and died in Longenmen Chicken Fort in Fufuling (now Dajinbao Village, Zhai's hometown in Yuhong District, Shenyang) at the age of 68.
Nurhachi was buried in Fuling (now Dongling, Shenyang).