Causes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Building and unifying a new country
1867, 1 In July, Britain formed a federation of four provinces in the eastern part of the North American continent and established a new country-Canada. Later, some provinces also joined. 187 1 year, British Columbia on the west coast (BC) was lured to join the Federation. Its condition is that the transcontinental railway will be built within 10 year, which will be integrated with eastern Canada. The first Prime Minister, Sir John A. Macden, was determined to "build the Pacific Railway to unify the whole country". This is why the Pacific Railway was built at that time.
The first day dawned
-"Pacific scandal"
The Pacific Railway project got off to a bad start. John Alexander Macdonald's Conservative government demanded that the railway be built by a private company. A private enterprise needs a subsidy of 30 million Canadian dollars and 50 million acres of land to complete this project. Hugh Allen (Scottish Canadian boatman, railway salesman, financier and capitalist), an industrialist and transportation tycoon, is the richest man in Canada, with an estimated personal wealth of about 8 million yuan.
The federal liberals found that he had sponsored various conservatives in the 1872 general election, totaling about 360,000 Canadian dollars, to win the railway construction contract, so that they could control the transcontinental railway, thus monopolizing the traffic on the Canadian mainland and the east and west coasts. The exposure of this incident, known as the "Pacific scandal", forced 1873 to re-sign the contract, which led to the collapse of the Conservative government.
The Liberal Party won a new round of elections. This government is much less enthusiastic about railway construction and thinks it can be built as a public project. On June 1875, Judge Norman presided over the groundbreaking ceremony near Fort William, marking the beginning of the construction of the Pacific Railway in Canada. However, by the time the government changed in 1878, only a short section of railway lines had been built in Ontario and Manetho provinces in the middle.
Difficult development
-maintaining the power of reunification and the contribution of Chinese workers.
At this time, BC saw that the deadline of 65,438+00 years was coming, and the promise made by politicians to build a transcontinental railway to the province would not be fulfilled as scheduled. So they threatened to quit the union. Premier John Alexander Macdonald returned to power in 1878. Under the pressure and support of the Conservative Party, he had to do something substantial to show British Columbia that the railway would be built in their province. The government signed a contract with Andrew Ondedonk, an American, to start building a railway line from the west coast to the Fraser River.
Americans have adopted the "American architectural method"-saving money as much as possible and blindly pursuing profits and progress. His method is to use China laborers. Some China businessmen set up labor agencies in British Columbia to recruit China compatriots as road builders. This section of the route along the steep cliffs of Fraser Valley is particularly difficult. The15km long section took15,000 workers seven years to complete, 9,000 of whom were from China. Not only is the topography and geology difficult, but also the construction method is very dangerous.
In order to save money, the contractor did not use high explosives, but let the workers use cheap but unstable nitroglycerin for blasting operations. There are no exact reports of casualties. Witnesses and newspapers published terrible photos. It is estimated that 700-800 people died in this government-contracted railway construction, accounting for 5-9% of the total labor force, most of whom came from China. Up to now, Canadian government officials often review the contribution of Chinese in this period of founding history in their annual National Day speeches.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation company established
-a thousand troops are easy to get, but generals are hard to find.
On the recommendation of board members, Van Horne became the general manager of CPR Company. He is a popular engineering star in America. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation hired him from the Milwanji Road Project in the United States with an annual salary of10.5 million Canadian dollars to supervise the construction of the most difficult section of the transcontinental railway crossing grasslands and mountains. Two thirds of his high salary is hidden in the construction cost. He boasted that he would build 800 kilometers of railway trunk lines in the first year (1882). However, the bad weather and floods forced the construction season to be postponed. However, at the end of the construction season, he completed the track-laying task of the 673-kilometer main line and the 177-kilometer branch line, which made the Pacific Railway seem to see the dawn of victory.
Explore the route and raise funds
-recruit talents and help each other in the same boat.
During this period, CPR also explored an alternative route across the Rocky Mountains to the south, and promised a prize of 5,000 Canadian dollars to those who found a feasible route. Many people have contributed to finding a new route. One of them, Major A.B. Rogers, found a path through the eastern mountains, which was later called Rogers Pass. So he got a check for a bonus of 5000 yuan. But instead of cashing it, he hung it in a photo frame on the wall. Van Horne, the general manager, had to use a gold watch as bait to cash the check on the wall to settle the bill.
At the beginning of the project, the capital flow is always a difficult problem. The construction cost is huge, but the return of traffic flow is very small. Van Horne invited Thomas G. shaughnessy, a trade and financial wizard in Milwaukee, USA, to help him solve this problem. Thomas G. shaughnessy was employed by CPR in 1882 as the general purchasing agent, and later took over from Van Horne to take charge of the company. During this period, he received an investment of 600 million Canadian dollars, and the company was expanded and promoted until the outbreak of the First World War.
Spend the bleak years
-With the help of political factors and the issuance of international bonds
At the beginning of the 20th century, CPR experienced several very difficult obstacles. 1883 when laying a track in the eastern part of Calgary, it almost collided with the local indigenous people. Because the railway will pass through their Gresham Nature Reserve. Finally, with the news that the government agreed to give the indigenous people extra land to compensate for the railway occupation, the company calmed the crisis with the indigenous leaders.
Before the East-West Railway is about to connect, cardiopulmonary resuscitation is facing the most severe situation in history. The northern shore of Lake Superior, Rocky Mountains and Selkes Mountains are the most difficult sections of this privately funded railway. The cost per kilometer of some sections is close to 500,000 Canadian dollars. At the beginning of 1885, cardiopulmonary resuscitation was almost bankrupt. The company has no money to pay off debts, buy new building materials and equipment, or even pay dividends and wages for preferred shares. In the end, two people "saved" the railway.
One is Louis Riel, who fled from the first rebellion and returned to the United States in 1885 to lead the second rebellion. The US military transported from the east to the west through Canada's nearly completed Pacific railway trunk line, which only took a few weeks to quell the unrest. 1869, the army spent several months crossing the North American continent from east to west, putting down the first rebellion. Louis Riel's actions made the Canadian federal government realize the importance of CPR to national security, and agreed to guarantee the loan for CPR.
The other man is Lord Laveur Stock, the boss of a famous financial company in London. He agreed to pay 92.5 cents for each yuan of CPR bonds, which enabled him to survive the financial crisis again.
1885165438+1On October 7th, Donald Smith, one of the founders of CPR, broke the "last spike" in Craigellachie, British Columbia, connecting the Pacific coast with Montreal, the heart of Canada, marking the completion of this transcontinental railway. Van Horne, head of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, said, "This is an end point and a starting point." On June 28th, 1886, the first transcontinental train left Montreal and Toronto for Moody Port in the east. In the next three years, everything went smoothly, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation began to pay dividends to shareholders again. Railways effectively consolidated and strengthened the unity and unity of the country, and began to emigrate to the west. The railway continuously sends people and materials to new territories, which makes the towns and industries along the line grow up gradually.
Company development and the test of war
-the national interest is higher than the company's interest.
1889 railway is open to traffic from east coast to west coast. Moreover, CPR has also developed a variety of businesses, including real estate, the erection and operation of transcontinental telegraph lines, the self-construction of steam locomotives and carriages, and the shipping business of the Great Lakes and the two oceans in North America. Van Horne, the general manager of the company, suggested that a national park should be established in the Rocky Mountains, so that CPR could start to operate hotels and tourism. Due to an accidental water intake accident, CPR also found natural gas on the grasslands of Alderson and Alberta, and used it for heating and power generation of power stations and auxiliary buildings.
During the Second World War, Edwoard W. Beatty was in power in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and went through another difficult period in history. The first is the commercial competition with CNR. The second is that Beatty put the entire company's transportation network into the deployment to support the war. On land, cardiopulmonary resuscitation transported 307 million tons of materials and 86 million people, including 65.438+0.5 million soldiers; At sea, 22 CPR ships went to the front line, of which 12 was sunk; In the air, the "Atlantic Bridge" was opened for the first time by cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and bombers were sent to Britain by transoceanic ferry. By 1945, 33 127 employees had served in two world wars, of which 1774 were killed. A private enterprise still puts national interests first.
Evolution in recent 50 years
-localization of shares and return to the main railway industry
In 1950s, the company recovered most of its shares from Canadian shareholders, which greatly developed the non-transportation industry. Canada Pacific Investment Company was established in 1962.
After more than 100 years of operation, Canada Pacific Company became the second largest company in Canada in 1986, with annual income of1500 million Canadian dollars, assets of1700 million Canadian dollars and nearly100000 employees. 1990 CPR expanded her railway network and completely controlled the Soo line in the Midwest of the United States. 199 1 cardiopulmonary resuscitation acquisition D &；; H railway company, so that its network can reach the port cities in the northeastern United States.
200 1 10 year 10 3 October, Canada Pacific Company was divided into five companies-railway, shipping, hotel, coal and energy. Its energy company merged with Alberta Energy Company to form EnCana Company. The CPR Railway Company still runs her main business. At this time, CPR has changed from passenger transport to freight transport.
At present, the Canadian network of CPR includes high-density trunk lines and many branch lines from Montreal to Vancouver. Part of her American network extends to industrial areas in the Midwest and Northeast, and it can go directly to Chicago, Philadelphia and new york without switching. The total length of its railway network is 22,536 kilometers.
Museum of historical sites and railways
-CPR in the hearts of Canadians
In addition to the history of indigenous Indians and the early European exploration of the North American continent, the route of the Canadian Pacific Railway runs through almost the whole history of this young country. The writer wrote it into his own works, recorded and described her historical facts and twists and turns in detail, and spread it widely.
Railway museums have been established in some provinces where railways pass. In Edmonton, Alberta, a 2.5-kilometer-long old railway line was preserved as a historical relic and transformed into a city railway for sightseeing. The city copied the original prototype of the wooden railway station in the old town of St. Rascona as a private museum. Up to now, the museum still preserves the signal lamp that lit kerosene at that time, the hand-operated telegraph that made a noise and other cultural relics.
1867 when Canada was just founded, it was impossible for people to foresee all the ups and downs that the Pacific Railway across the North American continent would encounter in the past 100 years, and it was impossible to evaluate all the values it later embodied to this country and people.