Rise:1early 8th century to1mid 9th century. Through the reform of Peter the Great, Russia became stronger. With the reform of serfdom in 186 1, Russia gradually established a capitalist system. Vast territory, rich resources and cold climate are conducive to war. The government encourages learning from the West and invades and expands its territory.

Decline: After World War I, the backward political system and czar's autocratic power hindered economic development. Economic development and backward science and technology. The first world war suffered heavy losses.

Main characters: Peter I, Catherine II, Alexander I, Alexander II.

Rise: early and mid-20th century.

Reason: Through the October Revolution, the socialist system was established and the politics was relatively stable. A highly centralized political and economic system has been established, giving priority to the development of heavy industry, with rapid industrial development and great scientific and technological development. Defeated Nazi Germany and greatly improved its international prestige.

Decline: from the end of the 20th century to the present. The Soviet Union disintegrated. The highly centralized political and economic system can not be corrected, which makes the development of agriculture extremely slow. The people's living standards were so low that they began to be dissatisfied with the rulers. Political corruption and political reform are difficult to achieve.

Germany

Rise: 65438+from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Reason: Germany achieved unification and political stability through three dynasty wars, which provided a unified market for economic development. Science and technology are developed, and the economy has developed rapidly through the second industrial revolution. A strong militaristic tradition and a strong military force.

Decline: From World War II to 1990. World War I and World War II were defeated, the national strength declined seriously, the economy collapsed and the country split. Be suppressed by the victorious country.

Main characters: Bismarck, William II and Hitler.

Japan

Time 65438+60 years from the 1960s to the 1930s (economic bubble)

Rise: After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, relying on the soaring reparations from China, Japan forced China to pay reparations of 300 million taels of silver (hard currency). During the whole World War II, the Japanese plundered not only China, but also East and South Asia. The resources, products, treasures and countless historical relics and works of art that Japan transported back to the mainland during the war simply cannot be valued by numbers. Whether it is hundreds of billions or trillions, it is estimated that the Japanese who boast of their exquisiteness can't tell themselves clearly. Attaching importance to education, the Meiji government announced on 1886 that compulsory education would be implemented throughout the country. After about 30 years' efforts, primary education has finally spread throughout the country, and its speed is second to none in the history of education in the world. The second is the bottom-up social reform in the process of Japan's rise. From the implementation of policies and measures. After the overthrow of the Tokugawa era in Japan, the Meiji government issued an order, adopted a series of reform measures, formulated a constitution, and convened a parliament, making Japan a capitalist country with constitutional monarchy.

Decline: In the 60 years after the 1930s, there was basically no big wave in the world real estate field, but after entering the 1990s, Japan's real estate bubble shocked the world again, causing a bad sensation around the world and inciting Japan's economic crisis in the 1990s. 199 1 year later, with the profit-making withdrawal of international capital, the Japanese real estate bubble driven by foreign capital quickly burst, and the real estate price plummeted immediately. By 1993, Japan's real estate industry collapsed completely, and enterprises closed down one after another, leaving bad debts as high as 600 billion US dollars.

United States of America

Time: 65438+ Since the 1960s, I took the last bus of the second industrial revolution. The third industrial revolution broke out in America.

Rise: catch the express train of industrial revolution; Actively learn advanced revolutionary ideas and culture in Europe; The geographical advantage is obvious; There is no strong enemy in the north and south, and there are two oceans in the east and west; The two world wars gained the greatest benefits; It brings together excellent science, technology and talents from all over the world.

Politically, America has never experienced a feudal society. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the separation of powers is the most thorough and thorough capitalist regime. When President Lincoln was in office, the civil war broke out in the United States (1960s). The industrial capitalism representing the north defeated the serfdom in the south, and the whole country truly realized political unity and market unity, clearing the way for the development of capitalism.

Economic system. In the early days, the United States completely pursued liberal capitalism, with all resources regulated by the market and rapid economic development. Until the economic collapse and Great Depression in 1930s, the United States learned a lesson, strengthened government intervention in the market, and improved the economic system (Roosevelt's New Deal).

National resources. At first, there were only thirteen eastern states in the United States (there were thirteen stripes on the national flag). Later, through war, merger, westward movement and purchase (cheap purchase from France, Russia and other countries), the national territory has expanded from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast. It's really vast in territory and abundant in resources, and it's very convenient with the railway arteries from east to west and from north to south. In the early stage of industrial society, resource-intensive had a great influence on industrial development.

The war was divided into three periods. Theodore roosevelt (190 1- 1909) pursued the policy of "big stick+gold dollar", and the United States basically surrendered to the United States. The middle period was World War I, and the United States participated in the Paris Peace Conference as a victorious country and divided the world. Later, after World War II, the United States became the absolute superpower in the world, and so did the Soviet Union. Unfortunately, the Soviet Union's abnormal economic development emphasized heavy industry and military affairs (which greatly influenced the founding of China) and neglected the development of light industry, which was finally dragged down by the United States. Although the United States participated in two world wars, they were not carried out in the United States and did not harm American industrial production. Europe won't work. The whole of Europe is a big battlefield. After the war, there were ruins everywhere. The Marshall Plan adopted by the United States, officially called the European Recovery Plan, provided loans and economic assistance to promote European integration. This shows that the strength of the United States is already above that of the whole of Europe. There is also the Bresson system, which established an international monetary system centered on the US dollar.