The Tang Dynasty (6 18-907) was a unified dynasty after the Sui Dynasty, which lasted 2 1 emperor and enjoyed the country for 289 years. It was recognized as one of the most powerful times in China.
At the end of the Sui Dynasty, the world was in harmony. In 6 17, Tang Guogong Li Yuan launched Jinyang mutiny, and proclaimed himself emperor in Chang 'an the following year, establishing the Tang Dynasty. Because the royal family is surnamed Li, it is also called Li. After Emperor Taizong succeeded to the throne, he initiated the rule of Zhenguan, and Tang Gaozong inherited the legacy of Zhenguan and initiated the rule of Yonghui. Later, Wu Zetian once took the title of Tang Dynasty in the Zhou Dynasty, and after the Dragon Revolution, she resumed the title of Datang. After Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ascended the throne, he made great efforts to govern, creating a prosperous new century with economic prosperity, four foreigners serving guests and all the people coming to Korea. At the end of Tianbao, the national population reached 80 million. [5-8] After the Anshi Rebellion, the national strength gradually declined due to the vassal regime and the eunuch's autocratic power, and it was revived in the middle and late period by the rule of Yuan Zhongxing, Huichang Zhongxing and Dazhong. The Huang Chao Uprising in 878 destroyed the ruling foundation of the Tang Dynasty. In 907, Zhu Wen usurped the Tang Dynasty, which perished, and China entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
The Tang Dynasty is the largest and only unified Central Plains dynasty without the Great Wall.
The territory of the Tang Dynasty surpassed that of modern China in both the west and the north. After the East Turkic and Xue Yantuo were defeated in the Tang Dynasty, the Emperor of Heaven was honored as the Tiankhan by all ethnic groups in Siyi [15- 18], and recruited Turks, Uighurs, Tiele, Qidan, Mohong and Shiwei to attack the enemy with the system of literary inquisition, and Nanzhao was approved.
In the Tang Dynasty, science, technology, culture, economy and art were diversified, and a large number of famous poets and painters emerged, such as Li Bai, poet Du Fu, Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan, painters Wu Daozi and Li Sixun, and musician Li Guinian. The culture of the Tang Dynasty was eclectic, accepted the exchange and study of people from all over the world, and formed an open international culture.
The Tang Dynasty and the Arab Empire at that time were tied as the most powerful empires in the world, and their reputation spread far and wide overseas, and they had contacts with Asian and European countries. After the Tang Dynasty, many overseas people called China a Tangren.
Characteristics of Tang culture
1. Political development, especially political unity and stability.
2. Economic development is mainly handicraft technology and urban commercial development.
3. Enlightened and harmonious ethnic policy.
4. An open and compatible foreign policy
5. The influence of the foundation of the previous generation, especially the culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, on the culture of the Tang Dynasty.
By summarizing the development of politics, economy, ethnic relations and foreign relations in the Tang Dynasty, this paper analyzes the reasons for the cultural prosperity in the Tang Dynasty.
Close ethnic cultural exchanges (emphasis: 1, the government's enlightened and compatible ethnic policies; 2. All ethnic groups get along with each other on an equal footing, and each absorbs the excellent characteristics of national culture. Historical facts: The Tibetan medical book Four Medical Codes represents the enrichment of minority medicine to China culture, and the music and dance in the Tang Dynasty absorbed the characteristics of minority music and dance.
Absorb foreign civilizations (emphasis: 1, the government's open and compatible foreign policy; 2. The Tang Dynasty had frequent contacts with some countries in Asia, Europe and even Africa, and absorbed excellent elements of foreign cultures. Historical facts: The art of Mogao Grottoes has absorbed the subcultures of Central Asia and South Asia, and the music and dance have absorbed the styles of neighboring countries.
Inherit and carry forward traditional culture (emphasis: 1, the development of history must be based on the efforts of predecessors; 2. Absorb and learn from Wei and Jin culture. Historical facts: the invention of gunpowder, the achievements of astronomical calendar, architectural style, the characteristics of poetry, etc.
The name of the Tang dynasty
The official title of the Tang Dynasty was "Tang", which originally meant the ancient name of Jin, referring to the central and southern areas of Shanxi Province today. Tang Gaozu tang gaozu's grandfather Li Hu was one of the eight pillars of the Western Wei Dynasty, and posthumous title was the "Tang Gong". Later, the title was passed on to Li Yuan. Li Yuan stayed in Jinyang (now Taiyuan, Shanxi) during the Sui Dynasty. He set out in the name of Jingsui and went straight to Chang 'an every time he fought. After You Yang abdicated, he took "Tang" as his country name. Because the monarch's surname is Li, it is also called, and he is honored as Datang.
In its heyday, the Tang Dynasty made great achievements in culture, politics, economy and diplomacy. It was the golden age in China's history and one of the world powers at that time. Silla, Koguryo, Baekje, Bohai and Japan were greatly influenced by the Tang Dynasty in political system and culture. In the first half of the Tang Dynasty, the social economy rose and the culture was advanced, which was a period when China exported its culture and technology to neighboring countries. The inclusive social atmosphere has also provided an unprecedented communication and integration environment for all ethnic groups living in Serbia since the five lakes and sixteen countries, and they have also learned a lot of foreign civilizations in the process. In the second half of the Tang Dynasty, China was in a historical transition period. The reform of land, salt, iron and tax system marks the social change. The prosperity after the middle period is mainly manifested in the prosperity of industry and commerce.
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Common sense of literature in Tang dynasty
(A) Tang poetry
1. Four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty: Luo,,, Yang Jiong, Lu,. Preface to Pavilion, Yang Jiong Joining the Army, Lu Gu Yi Chang 'an, Robin Wang's Imperial Capital, Goose Fu, etc.
2, Li Bai, the word Taibai,no. Qinglian layman, was praised by later generations as "poetry fairy." Also known as Du Li with Du Fu, his representative works include Into the Wine, Difficult Road to Shu, Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream, Thinking of Quiet Night, Looking at Lushan Waterfall, Chivalry, Spring Thoughts, Qiu Ge and so on.
3. Du Fu, with beautiful ci, was a great realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty, and was called "the sage of poetry" by later generations, and his poems were called "the history of poetry". Representative works include Spring Hope, Northern Expedition, Three Officials and Three Farewells.
4. Du Xiaoli: Li Shangyin, Du Mu. Li Shangyin, a famous poet in the late Tang Dynasty, is famous for his mountains. His masterpieces include Untitled and Jinse. Du Mu, a layman in Fan Chuan, is the author of Collected Works of Fan Chuan.
5. Landscape pastoral poets: Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. Wang Wei is called "Shi Fo" and "Mosha". His representative works include Acacia and Autumn Night in the Mountain. Meng Haoran, whose real name is Hao, was born in Mengshan. His representative works include Through the Village for the Aged, Xiao Chun, Song of Lumens at Night, etc.
6. Frontier poets: Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling and Wang Zhihuan. Gao Shi's Ge Yanxing, Cen Can's Bai Xuege, Wang Changling's Lotus Inn and Xin Jian Break Up, and Wang Zhihuan's Luting.
7. People's Poet: Bai Juyi, also known as Lotte, was a great realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty and one of the three great poets in the Tang Dynasty. Bai Juyi's poems have a wide range of themes, diverse forms and simple and popular language, and are known as "the poet's magic" and "the king of poets". His representative works include Song of Eternal Sorrow, Charcoal Man, Pipa Travel and so on.
(2) Prose
1, Han Yu, the word retired, called himself "the county king Changli", and the world called him "Han Changli" and "Mr. Changli". Han Yu was an advocate of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty, and was honored by later generations as the first of the "eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties". His famous essays include Shi Shuo and Ma Shuo.
2. Liu Zongyuan, with thick words, was called "Liu Hedong" and "Mr. Hedong" by the world. Liu Zongyuan left more than 600 poems in his life, and his literary achievements were greater than poems. Nearly a hundred parallel essays, argumentative essays, sharp and ironic. There are many places where scenery is described in travel notes, such as Collection of Mr. Hedong, with representative works such as Xiju, Jiang Xue and Fisherman.
(3) Calligraphy
Ou Yangxun, Yu Shinan, Yan Suiliang and Xue Qi, four poets in the early Tang Dynasty, represented the poetic style in the early Tang Dynasty.
Tang Dynasty: Zhang Xu, Huai Su, Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, etc.
Ou Yangxun, a calligrapher in the early Tang Dynasty, was the most skillful in regular script writing, which created the "European style".
Yu Shinan: A famous calligrapher in the early Tang Dynasty, whose seal script is as famous as Ou Yangxun's.
Yan Zhenqing: The Tang Dynasty was good at writing regular script with the meaning of seal script, and its "face style" was a model for later generations.
Liu Gongquan: A famous calligrapher in Tang Dynasty, he wrote regular script. "Six-body" is often used by beginners to learn calligraphy.