(April 1956 to July 1958)

The Soviet-Polish conflict is still in the process of adjustment. 1956, 10/0 On October 23rd, the Hungarian resistance movement broke out again. It started with a large-scale demonstration in Budapest, the capital, and soon spread to other cities, which turned into a bloody and violent conflict, known as the "Hungarian incident". This struggle in Hungary has aroused extremely strong repercussions all over the world. Starting from the ideology of the Cold War, there may be various political prejudices, and countries of different camps have made completely different comments on the incident.

1992165438+10 In October, when Russian President Yeltsin visited Budapest, he handed over to the Hungarian government a batch of files about Hungarian events kept by the Russian President's Archives and the Russian Federation's Foreign Policy Archives. Later, the Hungarian side published these documents, which provided documents for people to further understand the relationship between Soviet leaders and this incident. More than 106 articles in this field have been collected and translated. In this way, it provides domestic readers, especially researchers, with relatively rich Soviet archives about Hungarian events. From these documents, we can understand the origin and tortuous process of the Hungarian incident.

Hungary in history is not a pro-Russian country. In World War II, with the victory of the Soviet Red Army in Eastern Europe, the Hungarian people's regime led by the Communist Party of China (CPC) was established. A group of people under the command of the Soviets, headed by Rakosi Matyas, became the supreme leader of the Hungarian Labor People's Party, occupied the key department of state management, copied Stalin's system to Hungary, implemented a set of methods to abolish other political parties and restrict citizens' rights, managed the national economy through strict centralization and dictatorship, industrialized at a high speed, and forced agricultural collectivization, which led to the imbalance of the national economy and the decline of people's living standards. Rakosi's repression in Hungary is far more cruel than other countries in Eastern Europe. 1949, Laeq, the leader of the "ethnic faction" of the party, and other activists were executed or put in prison on suspicious charges.

1953 After Stalin's death, Rakosi's rule was immediately challenged. The new leader of the Soviet Union supported nagy imre, who had put forward the economic reform plan, to replace Rakosi as prime minister. Rakosi continues to retain the post of the first secretary of the party. Najib set out to carry out reforms. We began to restore the reputation of illegally convicted people, allowed social organizations to carry out activities, and began to use market mechanisms economically. 1in the spring of 955, Rakosi counterattacked with the support of Soviet leaders, dismissed Najib as prime minister, and later expelled him from the party. This ended the "thawing" period in Hungary.

After the 20th National Congress of the Soviet Union (1956), the call for ending Rakosi's rule in Hungary became louder and louder. People inside and outside the party who advocate reform demand that Najib be rehabilitated. The Soviet leadership paid close attention to the situation in Hungary and sent senior officials to Hungary many times to help stabilize the situation. In June, suslov still adopted the attitude of supporting Rakosi. After Poznan incident, the situation in Hungary became more explosive. In July, mikoyan was granted full authority to come to Hungary and suggested that Rakosi resign as the first secretary of the Hungarian Labor People's Party. However, mikoyan did not support Cadal to take over this post, but agreed to elect Rakosi's loyal comrade-in-arms Gro as the first secretary. This change of leaders within the party can not meet the requirements of reformists inside and outside the party, and Gro is unable to reverse the situation in Hungary. He will soon go to the Soviet Union for a holiday in order to work out countermeasures with Soviet leaders.

The mood of the domestic masses is rapidly rising. On June 6th, 65438/KLOC-0, a memorial and burial ceremony was held for the rehabilitated Laker. More than 200,000 people attended, and the news that Polish brother Marka resisted Khrushchev's brutal interference greatly encouraged Hungarians. 101On October 23rd, young students in Budapest held a demonstration. The students put forward sixteen demands, including withdrawing all Soviet troops stationed in Hungary, democratizing political life and restoring Najib's political post. Gro condemned the broadcast speech of the masses as adding fuel to the fire. Hungarian security forces opened fire on demonstrators in front of the national radio station, causing serious street fighting. Peaceful demonstrations turned into bloody and violent conflicts and spread to other cities.

Under the strong pressure of the masses, this evening, after obtaining the consent of the Soviet Union, Gro invited Najib, who has resumed his party membership, to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and asked him to be the prime minister of the government.

Shocked by the emergency in Hungary, the Soviet leadership immediately sent mikoyan, suslov and KGB leader serov to Hungary on 24th to deal with this incident. Soviet tanks moved into Budapest and indiscriminately shelled and fired, further intensifying the struggle. 10 year 10 On October 25th, mikoyan forced Gro to give up his position as the first secretary of the Party and Cadal took over. At the same time, supporters of Najib, such as Kale, Losongki and Dona, were recruited into the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China or served as government ministers. Later, mikoyan and others dismissed Gro and Hejius as deputy prime ministers, relieved Bata's defense minister and Peroche's interior minister, and sent them to the Soviet Union. It turned out that at this time, with the consent or direct intervention of Soviet leaders, a new collective leadership with Cadal as the first secretary of the Party and Najib as the prime minister of the government had been formed. The solution to the unrest in Hungary should mainly rely on this new team of Hungarians. However, the Soviets always do it themselves.

It is an indisputable fact that the Hungarian incident was finally quelled by the Soviet army. The problem is that the Soviets have long adhered to two viewpoints: first, the Soviet Union sent troops at the invitation of the Hungarian government; The second time was because Najib announced his withdrawal from the Warsaw Treaty and sent troops for the second time. The literature collected here completely destroys these two viewpoints.

10 10 On October 23rd, a demonstration took place in Hungary. On that night, Soviet Defense Minister zhukov gave orders to the Soviet troops stationed in Hungary and the troops stationed in the Carpathian Military Region and the Romanian border to March into Budapest and other cities. 101On October 24th, Soviet troops appeared in Budapest and other cities. It was not until 10 year128 October that andropov, the Soviet ambassador to Hungary, telex the invitation letter from the Hungarian government to the Soviet government. According to the memory of former Hungarian Prime Minister Hergius, this invitation letter was signed by someone who was no longer prime minister on June 26th, 65438/KLOC-0. Therefore, the invitation is hard to justify.

According to the report of mikoyan and suslov to the Central Committee of the Soviet Union on 10/0/26, Najib informed that some mass delegations demanded the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary, and Najib also promised to negotiate with the Soviet Union on the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary. Although mikoyan and others don't agree to quit, Najib, as the prime minister of the government, has the right to ask to quit. 101On October 27th, Najib formed his own new government, and the next day he asked the Soviet Union to withdraw its troops. On the night of October 29th, 654381October 30th, it was revealed in the telegram sent back by mikoyan and suslov that Najib entrusted andropov to ask: Is it true that the Soviet army continued to advance into Hungary? what is the purpose? Andropov also talked about this matter in the telegram of the same day at 2 am on the 30th, and the interrogator was the new Hungarian Foreign Minister horvat. In his reply to Najib's telegram, mikoyan said: "So far, the troops have arrived in accordance with the agreement. Once the Hungarian government can control the situation, it will not send troops in the future. " . 10 10 On October 30th, the Soviet government issued the Declaration on Developing and Further Strengthening the Basis of Friendly Cooperation between the Soviet Union and Other Socialist Countries, which declared: "In view of the fact that the continued presence of Soviet troops in Hungary may lead to more tension, the Soviet government has instructed its military headquarters to withdraw Soviet troops from Budapest as soon as the Hungarian government deems it necessary. At the same time, the Soviet government is prepared to hold relevant negotiations with the Hungarian people, the China government and other participating countries of the Warsaw Treaty on the issue of Soviet troops stationed in Hungarian territory. " It can be seen that the Hungarian government proposed that the Soviet Union withdraw its troops, and the Soviet Union has made a clear statement. However, at the meeting of the Soviet Central Presidium on June 5438+1October 3/KLOC-0, the decision to send troops for the second time was made. Therefore, on the one hand, Khrushchev, malenkov and Molotov were entrusted to explain the reasons to the Brothers Party; On the other hand, zhukov was entrusted with "making an action plan". As for Najib's statement on June 1 65438+1October1,he found that the Soviet government ignored his statement on June 10/October 30, and ignored the specific arrangements for the Hungarian government to negotiate withdrawal with the Soviet Union. Najib made this choice only when the protest was invalid. Therefore, the statement that the second invasion was because Najib announced his withdrawal from the Warsaw Treaty is also untenable.

Also, Cadal was the first secretary of the Hungarian Party agreed by the Soviet leaders. On October 28th, 65438/KLOC-0, Cadal established a new presidium, including Cadal, Najib, Olo, Kish, Minnih and Santo. Both Cadal and Minnih hold important ministerial positions in Najib's government. However, on the night of 1 65438+1October1,Cadal and Minnih were taken to the Soviet Union, where they formed a new government to compete with the Najib government and cooperate with the Soviet army to enter Hungary.

The document proves that the fate of Najib and others is basically decided according to the requirements of the Soviet Union. 165438+1October 4th, Najib and others took refuge in the Yugoslav embassy in Hungary. The Yugoslav government and the Cadal government reached an agreement to let Najib and others go home. However, when Najib and others walked out of the Yugoslav embassy, they were escorted to Romania by Soviet soldiers. After several discussions, the Soviet Union and the Hungarian government made a series of judgments in June 1958: Najib and others were sentenced to death, while Donatelle and others were sentenced to life imprisonment and fixed-term imprisonment respectively.

After nearly half a century of scouring, we have a new understanding of this tragedy in Hungary. At least, it should be said that it is the product of the cold war and the tragedy of the cold war directors.