The ancients said, "The land of Youzhou lies in the Taihang Mountains in the north, the Bohai Sea in the west and the Central Plains in the south, which is a land of abundance." Du Jun in the north of Beijing belongs to Yanshan Mountain and Xishan belongs to Taihang Mountain. Taihang Mountain and Yanshan Mountain meet in Guangou near the south exit, forming a mountain bend extending to the southeast, surrounded by Beijing Plain. Beijing Plain is like a semi-enclosed bay, so it has always been called "Beijing Bay". Beijing is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, with plains accounting for 1/3 and mountains accounting for 2/3.

Beijing, referred to as Beijing for short, is an ancient capital with a long history, an ancient city of world culture and the capital of China people. From the "Beijingers" in Zhoukoudian ignited the fire of human civilization more than 500,000 years ago, to the establishment of Yanji ancient city more than 3,000 years ago, until Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing established their capitals in Beijing, the pace of human civilization never stopped, and it came down in one continuous line.

Beijing is located at the northern end of North China Plain. Geographically speaking, Beijing borders the North China Plain in the south, the Loess Plateau in the west and the Inner Mongolia Plateau in the north, and is at the junction of the three-level terrain ladder in China.

Beijing's east-west width is160km, and its north-south length is176km, with a total area of16807.8km2. Among them, mountainous areas account for 62% (10417.5km2) and plains account for 38% (6399). Urban planning covers dingfuzhuang in the east, Shijingshan in the west, Nanyuan in the south and Qinghe in the north, with an area of 104 1.0 km2.

The geographical coordinate of Beijing is: 39. 28'- 1。 05', east longitude 1 17. 30'- 1 15.25', and the latitude of the north-south span is about 1. 37', the east-west longitude is about 2. 05'。 The geographical coordinates of Tiananmen Square are: 39 degrees north latitude. 54'27 ",east longitude 1 16. 23' 17 "is the standard central coordinate point of Beijing. Tiananmen Square is 44.4 meters above sea level.

The northernmost part of Beijing is located in the north of Shidongzi Village in Huairou District, the southernmost part is on the bank of Nanyongding River in Yufa Town, Daxing District, the easternmost part is located in Dongjiaoyu, garden village, Miyun County, and the westernmost part is in Dongling Peak, Mentougou District. Beijing is surrounded by Hebei Province and Tianjin.

Section 1 Landscape

The general characteristics of Beijing landform landscape are high in the northwest, low in the southeast and large in vertical height difference. Beijing is surrounded by mountains in the west, north and northeast, and the Beijing Plain gently inclines to the Bohai Sea in the southeast. Yongding River, Chaobai River and Wenyu River meander from northwest to southeast, laying a geographical advantage of "nine rivers in front of Iraq and mountains behind".

The mountainous area in western Beijing, commonly known as Xishan, belongs to the remnant veins of Taihang Mountain. The mountains in the north and northeast are collectively called Dujun Mountain and belong to Yanshan Mountain. This mountain peak is located on the northwest border of Beijing. Dongling Mountain, the first peak, is 2303 meters above sea level. Hajto Mountain, the second peak, is 224 1 m above sea level, and Baihua Mountain, the third peak, is 2218m above sea level.

Beijing Plain is mainly formed by alluvial fans formed by Yongding River, Chaobai River and other water systems. The altitude is generally lower than 100 meters, most of which are 20-60 meters, and the lowest altitude is only 8 meters. Beijing is located on the ridge of the alluvial fan of Yongding River.

The geographical coordinates of Beijing alternate with longitude 2. 05', the latitude span is only 1. 37', there is little difference in horizontal zonality. However, the vertical zonality change is very obvious, and the vertical height difference is 2295 meters. In a short distance, different vertical landscape belts such as plains, terraces, hills, low mountains, middle and low mountains and Zhongshan have been formed. In addition, the special breeze of Beijing's back mountain and sea terrain makes Beijing's climate conditions much more complicated than other areas at the same latitude, which provides unique natural conditions for the three-dimensional development of Beijing's tourism. Exam big

The average elevation of the main peak in Beijing is about 1 1,000-1500m, and the three highs in China are Dongling Mountain, Haituo Mountain and Baihua Mountain. Besides, Wuling Mountain, Yunmeng Mountain, Miao Feng, Fangshang and Jiufeng Mountain are also tourist attractions.

First of all, the peaks in Beijing

1. Dongling Mountain

Dongling Mountain is located in the west of Mentougou District, adjacent to Huailai, Zhuolu and Laishui counties in Hebei Province, with an altitude of 2 meters, which is the highest peak in Beijing. High altitude creates a unique mountain climate in Dongling Mountain, and the lowest temperature on the top of the mountain can reach zero degrees Celsius in summer. In midsummer, Dongling Mountain is a sea of flowers, colorful and complementary. The forest is divided into three layers: the tree layer is mainly composed of cold-resistant trees such as larch, Populus cathayana, Populus davidiana, Quercus (Prunus) and Acer (Acer); The middle layer is shrub layer, mainly including Vitex negundo, Corylus heterophylla and other low shrubs; The lowest layer is the herb layer, including Pyrola, wheat grass and so on. Spruce growing at an altitude of 1400 meters with a diameter of more than 80 cm is extremely rare in North China. The reproduction of plants provides good living conditions for the growth of animals. There are wild goats, foxes, badgers, roe deer, squirrels, and a large number of grouse, orioles, cuckoos and other birds. After 1982, hundreds of yaks were introduced from Gansu, Qinghai and Tibet, and "Yak Welcome" became a new highlight of Dongling Mountain tourism products.

2. Haituo Mountain

Haituo Mountain is located in Songshan Nature Reserve in the northwest of Yanqing County, bordering Huailai and Chicheng counties in Hebei Province, with an altitude of 224 1 m, which is the second highest peak in Beijing.

"Sea Tuo Fei Yu" is one of the eight scenic spots in Yanqing. Mountain meadows and large areas of natural daylily are extremely rare in North China, as are the rocky sea and birch forest on the top of the mountain. Haituo Mountain is a summer resort in Beijing because of its cool summer and pleasant climate.

There is the most complete natural ecosystem in the suburbs of Beijing, and the vertical band spectrum of plant growth is very obvious. Under 1000 m, artificial forests are the main ones, 1000- 1600 m is the secondary Pinus tabulaeformis forest, 1600- 1800 m is the oak birch forest, and above 1800 m is the mountain meadow. Haituo Mountain is rich in animal and plant resources and medicinal materials. The main plants are Larix principis-rupprechtii, Juglans mandshurica and Populus davidiana. Medicinal resources are codonopsis pilosula and acanthopanax senticosus, and animals are leopard, impala, roe deer and badger.

3. Baihua Mountain

Baihua Mountain is located at the junction of Huangta Township in Mentougou District and Shijiaying Township in Fangshan District, with an altitude of 2218m, which is the third highest peak in Beijing.

More than 0/30 hectares of meadows at the top of the mountain/Kloc-are lush, full of flowers, and many species are distributed at different altitudes, which is known as the Natural Botanical Garden in Beijing. There are mountain meadow, Larix principis-rupprechtii forest and Betula platyphylla forest in high altitude areas, among which Larix principis-rupprechtii forest is the existing Larix principis-rupprechtii community in Beijing; At low altitude, there are deciduous broad-leaved forests, mainly poplar and oak forests. The scenery of Baihua Mountain is different in four seasons. In spring, the green layer is deepened from bottom to top, decorated with flowers and colorful. In summer in full of green, birds and flowers are fragrant, the air is fresh and the climate is pleasant; In autumn, the leaves are bright and colorful; In winter, pine trees stand tall and straight in the snow.

Baihua Mountain is also a natural zoo, with more than 0/50 kinds of wild animals, including impala, brown eared pheasant, wild boar, fox, rabbit and so on. There are more than 20 kinds of birds and animals, mainly orioles and cuckoos. The eight scenic spots in Baihua Mountain are "Yunding Sunrise", "Sunset Reflecting Green", "Baihua Waterfall", "Wannian Ice Muscle", "Baihua Meadow", "Ancient Trees Soaring into the Sky", "Yun Qi" and "White Python Roaring". From the examination university

Second, the water in Beijing.

(A) the five major water systems

1. Yongding River system

Yongding River is formed by the confluence of Yanghe River, Sanggan River and Guishui River near Guanting Reservoir, which flows into Haihe River and Bohai Sea, with a total length of 68 1km. The Yanghe River has three sources, the east-west Yanghe River originated in Xinghe County, Inner Mongolia, and the Nanyang River originated in Yanggao County, Shanxi Province. Sanggan River originated in ningwu county, Shanxi. Yongding River flows through Yanqing, Mentougou, Shijingshan, Fengtai, Fangshan and Daxing counties in Beijing, with a length of about170km and a drainage area of 3168km2. The Yongding River calendar was once called Lugou River, Hunhe River and Wuding River. Because of its high sediment concentration, it is known as the "Little Yellow River".

2. Juma River system

Juma River originates in Laiyuan County, Hebei Province, enters Fangshan at Duyakou, flows through Dushi Scenic Area, and is divided into South Juma River and North Juma River near Zhang Fang. Juma River in the north accepts Dashi River and Xiaoqing River and flows eastward into Huiren Baigou River near Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province. South Juma River flows south from Zhang Fang, and flows into Baigou River after receiving Yishui in Dingxing County, Hebei Province. At first, the Daqing River finally merged into the Haihe River and injected into the Bohai Sea. Juma River is located in Beijing Basin, with an area of 22 1.9 square kilometers.

3. Wenyu River System

Wenyu River is the upstream source of the North Canal. It originated from some small rivers in Changping and Xishan at the southern foot of Dushan Mountain in Hui Jun. Dongshahe, Beishahe and Nanshahe meet in Shahe and flow out of Shahe Reservoir, which is called Wenyu River. This river passes through Changping, Shunyi and Chaoyang until it reaches Beiguan in Tongzhou District. It is called the North Canal. The North Canal is the northern section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. It used to be a waterway for transporting grain. The grain ship entered Tonghui River in Tongzhou and arrived at Jishuitan Wharf in Yuandadu. Wenyu River is the only river originating in this city, with a drainage area of 4,423 square kilometers, which is the main drainage channel in Beijing.

4. Chaobai River system

Chaobai River system consists of Chaohe River and Baihe River system. Chaohe River originated in Fengning County, Hebei Province, and entered Gubeikou, Miyun, Beijing. Baihe originated in Guyuan County, Hebei Province, and was born in Baihebao, Yanqing. Two rivers, one in the south and one in the east, flow into Miyun Reservoir, then flow out separately and meet in Hecao Village, south of Miyun City, which is called Chaobai River. Tianjin is called Chaobai New River, which flows into Bohai Sea. Chaohe River and Baihe River are the important water sources of Miyun Reservoir and the main water supply sources in Beijing, with a drainage area of 56 13 square kilometers, which is the water system of this city.

5. River system

The Chanhe River system originates in the north of Huangyaguan, the Great Wall of Xinglong County, Hebei Province, and the Songcuo River meets in the southwest of Pinggu District. It leaves sanhe city, Hebei Province in the southeast of Mafang, joins Zhouhe in Jiuwangzhuang, Baodi District, Tianjin, and flows into Bohai Sea in Beitang, Tianjin. With an area of 1.377 square kilometers, the Chan River system is the smallest water system in Beijing. There are Jiangjunguan River, Tumen River, Huangsongyu River, Beizhai River, Yuzishan River, Baoziyu River, Suihe River and Jinji River in Shunyi District in the lower reaches of Haizi Reservoir (Jinhai Lake).

(2) Five major reservoirs

1. Miyun Reservoir

Miyun Reservoir is located in the northwest of Miyun County, built in 1958- 1960, with a total storage capacity of 4.375 billion cubic meters. It is a super-large reservoir with comprehensive functions such as flood control, irrigation, power generation and urban water use, and it is the most important water supply source in Beijing.

2. Guanting Reservoir

Guanting Reservoir is located at the junction of Yanqing County and Huailai County in Hebei Province, and was built in 195 1- 1954. The total storage capacity is 2.27 billion cubic meters, and the storage capacity has been expanded from 1988 to 41600,000 cubic meters, which is a comprehensive utilization reservoir.

3. Haizi Reservoir (Jinhai Lake)

Haizi Reservoir is located in the east of Pinggu District. It was built in 1959- 1960, and its storage capacity was expanded in 1973, with a total storage capacity of 1.2 1 100 million cubic meters. The water supply for industry, agriculture and tourism in Pinggu was changed to Jinhaihu Park, where the 1990 Asian Games aquatic project was held.

4. Huairou Reservoir

Huairou Reservoir, located in the southwest of Huairou District, was built at 1958. The total storage capacity is 98 million cubic meters. After transformation, the total storage capacity is1.1.500 million cubic meters. It is mainly used for urban water supply and farmland irrigation in Huairou and Shunyi. It is also a water distribution hub for water diversion in Jingmi and one of the main water supply sources in Beijing.

5. Ming Tombs Reservoir

The Ming Tombs Reservoir is located in the southeast of the Ming Tombs in Changping District, built at 1958, with a total storage capacity of 0.8 1 100 million cubic meters. It is a comprehensive medium-sized reservoir integrating flood control, power generation, irrigation, aquaculture and tourism. There is a Kowloon Palace in the center of the reservoir, which is open to tourists.

(3) Beijing Jianghu Calendar

1. Lotus pond

Lotus pond, called West Lake and Ximagou in ancient times, is located on the east side of the West Third Ring Road in Beijing. It is a typical urban water system ruins park in Beijing today. The ancient history of the lotus pond can be traced back to thousands of years ago, which complements the development history of Beijing. From the capital to the capital of Liao and Jin Dynasties, Ji Cheng has been living and developing by the lotus pond. More than 3,000 years ago, Ji Cheng was built with the spring water here as its water supply source. After the lotus pond water flows south, it flows into Liangshui River, passes through Zhangjiawan in Tongzhou District, and then flows into the North Canal. The ancient lotus pond is rich in water. At that time, the lake was very impressive. "Water Classic Note" says: "The lake is two miles east and west, and three miles north and south, covering the old pool. The green water is clear and dissolved, and the Sichuan Pavilion is far away, which is also the sound of swimming. " During the Jin and Zhong Dynasties, the lotus pond played a more important role. It was not only the source of water supply, but also the basis of landscaping and gardening. For example, Xiyuan and Taiye Pool (fish and algae ponds in Zhongdu City) all use this lake as their water source.

The section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal from Tianjin to Beiguan in Tongzhou, Beijing is called the North Canal. Wenyu River is the upstream source of the North Canal. In the Ming Dynasty, many huge warehouses were built in Tongzhou City and Zhangjiawan, storing more than half of the grain. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the shipping section of Tonghui River was silted up or in dry season, and Zhangjiawan Wharf was mostly used as a transit point for people, passengers and goods from south to north. Zhangjiawan presented a bustling scene of Qian Fan and department stores.

At present, most rivers in the suburbs of Beijing are injected into the North Canal, which is the most important drainage channel in Beijing. In recent years, Tongzhou District has built the Grand Canal Tourist Area from Beiguan of the North Canal to Zhangjiawan.

3. Tonghui River

Tonghui River is the northernmost part of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. In order to solve the problem of food reaching Dadoucheng in the south of the Yangtze River, Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu appointed Guo Shoujing as the water supervisor and presided over the new river project. In the 29th year of Zhiyuan (1292), the new river project was officially started. Guo Shoujing first tried his best to open up water sources. Starting from Baifu Village, Changping County, he dug a water collecting canal south along the foothills according to the terrain, and collected rivers such as Baifuquan, Shuangta River and Yuquan River into Wengshan Lake (now Kunming Lake). Under Wengshan Park, the Yu He River (Nanchanghe River) is used as the water diversion channel, and it enters the city from the north gate of Heyimen (now Xizhimen) and is injected into Jishuitan. Subsequently, Guo Shoujing presided over the excavation of navigable reach below Jishuitan. Navigable rivers extend eastward from jishuitan,

Then it flows south along the east side of the imperial city, out of the south city wall, east along the old road of Jinkouhe in Jin Dynasty, and then connects with Tongzhou and North Canal.

The new river is 82 kilometers long. After more than a year of construction, the main project was completed. Kublai Khan named this new river Tonghui River. With the completion of Tonghui River, grain ships in the south can directly sail into the Jishuitan, and most of the grain transportation problems are basically solved.

At the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Tonghui River was silted up and abandoned. Although it was repaired many times later, due to the lack of water resources, the purpose was not achieved and the number of sluice gates was greatly reduced. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, because the imperial city surrounded the river, oil tankers took Datong Bridge outside Dongbianmen as the terminal. Therefore, the later Tonghui River only refers to the 26-kilometer-long river from the sluice outside Dongbianmen to Tongzhou. Recently, an ancient canal pier was restored along Tonghui River in Gaobeidian, Chaoyang District, and was listed as a district-level cultural relics protection unit.

4. Gaoliang River

Gaoliang River is another important river in Beijing. Gaoliang River is closely related to the development of Beijing. The establishment of Yuanduyi is the transfer of Beijing from Lianhuachi water system to sorghum water system. The ancient Gaoliang River has two sections. The western section of the river is a tributary of Yongding River near Shijingshan after it came out of the mountain. However, due to the southward migration of Yongding River, this section of the river is gradually silted up. The eastern section of ancient sorghum is located in today's Zizhuyuan. After coming out of Zizhuyuan, it passes through Baishiqiao, Gaoliang Bridge and Xizhimen, and then forks at Deshengmen. A tributary continues to flow eastward, along today's north moat line, and crosses Renwenyu River at Dongbimenba River. The other branch goes south, starting from Deshengmen, passing through Jishuitan, Shichahai, Beihai and Zhongnanhai, passing through Chang 'an Street, passing through Qianmen, Jinyuchi and longtan lake, leaving Zuo 'anmen, crossing the southeast of He Shili Village and crossing the Yongding River at Majiqiao. According to the exploration of the buried ancient sorghum river in recent years, the widest point is 600 meters, which was the old road of Yongding River in early history.

5. Six seawater systems

In the east of Xicheng District, there is a huge inner city water system consisting of six interconnected lakes. "Six Seas" refers to the three lakes (West Sea, Houhai and Qianhai) and the first three seas (North Sea, China Sea and South China Sea). At present, the tourism industry in Beijing calls Sanli Lake Shichahai. Liu Hai was originally a depression in the old road of the ancient Yongding River (Gaoliang River). Later, it formed a lake due to accumulated water, which was called Bailiantan in the Jin Dynasty.

During Kublai Khan's reign in Yuan Shizu, Guo Shoujing presided over the new river project, which diverted water from Baifuquan and Yuquan to Jishuitan.

The Jishuitan in Yuan Dynasty not only covers the three seas after today, but also has a wide water depth, up to two miles from east to west. The southeast is connected with Taiye Pool (now the North Sea and China Sea, but there was no South China Sea at that time), showing the scene of "Wang Yang is like the sea" and "water and sky are one color". At that time, grain ships south of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal could sail into the Yuan Dynasty Jishuitan through the North Canal and Tonghui River. Jishuitan has become the terminal of water transportation, showing a prosperous scene of busy shipping and "covering water with water".

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, due to the transformation of Beijing City, some rivers in the city were enclosed in the imperial city, and water transport vessels no longer entered the city. In addition, the water surface of Jishuitan has shrunk and the name of the lake has changed. Today's West Sea is also called Jishuitan; Today's Houhai and Qianhai were collectively called Shichahai at that time. The South China Sea has been added to the south of Taiyu Pool. In the late Ming Dynasty, Taiye Pool was divided into North Sea, China Sea and South China Sea. Exam big

The first three seas in Qing Dynasty were called Beihai, Zhonghai and Nanhai respectively. Sanhou Lake is called Jishuitan (now West Sea), Shichahai (future sea) and Qianhai respectively. At present, the water source of the Six Seas System comes from Miyun Reservoir, and there are many places of interest on both sides of the Six Seas. Beihai Park and Shichahai Scenic Area have become important scenic spots in Beijing.

6. Long river

The calendar is divided into two parts: the North River and the South River. Beichanghe is located between Yuquan Mountain and the Summer Palace in Haidian District. It originated in Yuquan Mountain, which is known as the "first spring in the world", and flows through Qinglong to Kunming Lake. After the spring water in Yuquan Mountain was cut off, Beilong River became a drainage channel. It starts from Xiuqimen, Kunming Lake in the south, reaches Sanchahekou, Xizhimen in the south, and is connected with the north moat. Nanchang River is the diversion channel of the ancient Tonghui River, with a total length of 10.8km ... Nanchang River, also known as Yu He River and Yu He River in the late Qing Dynasty, is the main road for Empress Dowager Cixi to go to the Summer Palace by water. The "Qihongtang" Royal Pier near the Gaoliang Bridge is the starting point for Empress Dowager Cixi to board the ship for the Summer Palace. 1966 When the Jingmi diversion canal was excavated, the Nanchang River channel from Xiuqi Gate to Changchun Bridge was used, and the Changhe Gate with a width of 8 meters was built at Changchun Bridge, so the starting point of Nanchang River was changed to Changhe Gate, and the current river channel is 5.5 kilometers long. The Jingmi diversion canal from Xiuqimen to Yuyuantan via Changchun Bridge is also called Kunyu River. At present, water tourism projects have been opened on Nanchang River and Kunyu River.

7. Tongzi River

Tongzi River is the moat of the Forbidden City, with a total length of 3.5 kilometers and a water surface width of 52 meters. With Shenwumen and Wumen as the north-south axis and East-West Huamen as the east-west axis, Tongzi River is divided into four parts: northwest, northeast, southwest and southeast. There are four parts connected by culverts under the pavement in front of Donghuamen, Xihuamen and Shenwumen.