Before 7000 BC, Anatolia began to be inhabited. It was occupied by the Indo-European Hittites around 1900 BC, and they subsequently established a world power until it died around 1200 BC. Later, Phrygia and Lydia invaded Anatolia, but the east was occupied by local Armenians and ruled the kingdom. In the 6th century BC, the Persian Empire (550-330 BC) occupied this area, then experienced Macedonian-Greek rule, and finally experienced Roman rule in 1 century BC. The kingdom of Armenia has always been the dividing line between hostile Romans (later Byzantines) and rest people and later Sassanians. During Byzantine rule, Constantinople the Great made Constantinople (now Istanbul) the capital.
Turkish nomadic tribe "oguz" invaded Anatolia in the 1 1 th century when the tomb of Mustafa Kemal, the father of Turkey. A Kaye from the oguz tribe occupied eastern and central Anatolia in the12nd century. Osman I, a Kay, founded the Ottoman dynasty. At the beginning of its expansion, the Ottomans were the main force for Turks to maintain Islamic beliefs against the Byzantine Empire. 13-14th century, the Ottomans seized Byzantine territory in western Anatolia and southeastern Europe, made these Christian Balkan countries their vassals, and conquered the Turkmen Principality in eastern Anatolia. In the 65438+5th century, the Ottoman Sultan directly and forcibly ruled the Balkan countries, conquered Constantinople (1453), and brought the territory east of the Euphrates River (1468) and west of Hungary under its jurisdiction. /kloc-At the end of 0/6, the Ottoman Empire was in its heyday, covering most Balkan countries, most of Central Europe and Hungary, and most of the Middle East and North Africa. After the rule of Suleiman I (1494 ~ 1566), the empire began to decline politically, administratively and financially. By 17 18, Austria drove the Turks out of Hungary, and Russia annexed Crimea in 1783. /kloc-In the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire lost control of Egypt, Maghreb (Tripoli, Tania, Tunisia and Algeria) and most Balkan countries. At first, the "Mielle" system allowed ethnic minorities with different religious beliefs to practice local autonomy, but at the end of 19, this system began to collapse, leading to an increase in riots, which eventually led to the genocide of Armenians during the First World War. 1908, the Youth Turkish Party launched a revolution in an attempt to restore the empire, but it continued to suffer military defeat and territorial losses in the Balkans. During World War I, Turkey supported Germany and Austria-Hungary. After the war, Turkey lost Arab provinces and parts of Asia Minor, but after a brutal civil war and a war against Greece, 1923 Lausanne Conference confirmed the territory of Turkey, and Turkey became a * * * Republic with Kemal as its first president. Ottoman Sultanism and caliphate were abolished, and Turkey began the process of modernization under the leadership of Kemal. Kemal fundamentally reformed Turkey's political, economic and social systems. He advocated a new thought of national identity, secularized Turkish society, reduced the dominant position of Islam, and wrote Turkish with Latin letters instead of Arabic letters. He also implemented an economic development policy controlled by the state, which was later proved to have far-reaching influence. 1938 After Kemal's death, Turkey gradually established parliamentary politics and multi-party system, although there were unstable periods and short-term military rule.