1, Five Dynasties and Ten Countries
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-979) was a period of great division in the history of China. This title comes from the New History of the Five Dynasties, which is a combination of the Five Dynasties (907-960) and the Ten Kingdoms (902-979).
The Five Dynasties refer to the five dynasties whose capitals were in the Central Plains after the collapse of the Tang Dynasty in 907, namely, Hou Liang, the later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty and the later Zhou Dynasty.
In 907 AD, after the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Wen established a back beam in the Central Plains, with Kaifeng Prefecture in Tokyo (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) as its capital, starting from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao in the later Zhou Dynasty. After usurping the throne in the latter Zhou Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty was established, and the Five Dynasties ended.
In the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty, there were many separatist regimes outside the Central Plains. Among them, Qian Shu, Houshu, Nanwu, Nantang, wuyue, Fujian, Chu, Nanhan, Nanping (Jingnan), Beihan and other more than ten separatist regimes were collectively called "Ten Countries" by the New Five Dynasties History and later historians.
After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the remaining regimes of Jingnan, Wuping, Houshu, Nanhan, Nantang, wuyue and Beihan were unified one after another, basically achieving national reunification.
2. Southern and Northern Dynasties
The Northern and Southern Dynasties (420-589) are the general names of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. The Northern and Southern Dynasties were a period of great division in the history of China, and also a period of great national integration in the history of China. It is the link between the sixteen countries in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty, which began with the establishment of the Liu and Song Dynasties in the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 420 AD and ended in 589 AD. ..
The Southern Dynasties (420-589) included Liu Song, Nanqi, Nanliang and Chen Nan. The Northern Dynasties (386-58 1) included the Northern Wei, the Eastern Wei, the Western Wei, the Northern Qi and the Northern Dynasties. Although the north and south have their own dynasties, they have maintained a confrontational situation for a long time, so they are called the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
Extended data:
1, forming five generations and ten countries;
According to the historian Zhang Guogang's Research on the Tang Dynasty, in most of the second half of the Tang Dynasty, most of the 40 or 50 buffer regions were not independent, only a few buffer regions such as Heshuo were independent, but the independent buffer regions also implemented the policies and decrees of the Tang Dynasty to a certain extent, "relying on court officials to ensure military intelligence", and the independent buffer regions were also lifted.
After the Huang Chao Uprising at the end of the Tang Dynasty, the separatist regime of the buffer regions generally appeared, and some powerful buffer regions became kings one after another. In fact, it was a highly autonomous kingdom.
After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, various regions became independent. Among them, the powerful regime in North China controlled the Central Plains and formed five dynasties, some of which were established by the Shatuo people. Although these five successive central plains regimes were powerful, they were unable to control the whole country, and they were just a court of buffer region type.
Some of the other vassal states of the separatist regime were independent emperors, and some were regarded as kings and vassals in the Five Dynasties (except Jin, Qi and Wu in the Later Liang Dynasty). Among them, ten regimes, which lasted for a long time and were called kings or emperors, were collectively called ten countries by the historians of the New Five Dynasties and later generations.
During this period, the local power factions often rebelled and seized positions, which made the war endless and the rulers emphasized military power. The civil strife in China also gave the Khitan the opportunity to invade the south, and the Liao Dynasty was established. ?
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is an important period in the history of China. During this period, the Southern Army (later Xixia) gradually became independent, while the Jingshui Division (Jiaodi, later Vietnam) was separated from the central rule.
2. Formation of the Northern and Southern Dynasties
As a continuation of the Han regime and the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the royal family in the Southern Dynasties was mainly the gentry or the sub-gentry, because after the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, most of the military posts were held by the gentry or the sub-gentry.
Thanks to the efforts of the rulers, the rule of Yuanjia and the rule of Yongming emerged, and the national strength was rich and strong. The emperor was supported by the prestigious mainstream aristocrats. However, the gentry only wanted to maintain their political status and did not fully support the royal family. The emperor also supported the poor to hold military posts or secondary official positions to balance political power. Due to the struggle for the throne within the royal family, imperial clan bloody cases often occur.
Due to the wrong strategic application and the rise of the Northern Dynasties, the territory gradually moved south. The Southern Liang Dynasty was improved by Liang Wudi, and the chaos in six towns in the Northern Wei Dynasty gradually made the national strength of the Southern Dynasty catch up with that of the Northern Dynasty.
However, in his later years, he believed in Buddhism excessively, the country lasted for a long time, and the people were not used to war. After Hou Jing launched the Hou Jing Rebellion, he died in Taicheng, and some Xiao royal families competed for the throne, which greatly reduced the strength of the Southern Dynasties and divided them. Finally, Chen Wendi in the Southern Dynasties completely unified the Southern Dynasties, but the national strength of the Southern Dynasties has declined, so we can only rely on the Yangtze River to resist the Northern Dynasties.
The Northern Dynasty inherited five Hu and sixteen countries, and it was a dynasty where Hu and Han lived together. Most of the royal families in the Northern Wei Dynasty were Xianbei people. The Xianbei royal family was gradually influenced by China culture, among which the Sinicization Movement of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty was the most prosperous.
Because the North controlled the Northern Wei Dynasty with softness, it was difficult for the Northern Wei Dynasty to attack the Southern Dynasty with all its strength, and it was not until the Turks who were more pro-Northern Wei replaced softness that it became more stable. In the late Northern Wei Dynasty, politics gradually deteriorated, and the national strength declined greatly after the Six Towns Uprising.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Five Dynasties and Ten Countries
Baidu encyclopedia-southern and northern dynasties