1. What does historical materialism mean? Also called historical materialism.

Together with the theory of surplus value, it constitutes two major discoveries of Marxism and becomes two theoretical cornerstones of scientific socialism. Historical materialism and dialectical materialism together constitute the philosophical system of Marxism.

It is a science about the universal law of human social development founded by Marx and Engels by applying dialectical materialism to the field of human social history and social life. It is the historical view of the proletariat.

It fundamentally opposes historical idealism and believes that the development of human society has its inherent objective laws that are not transferred by people's subjective will. Production and the exchange of products and production are the basis of all social systems.

The ultimate cause of all social and political changes should not be found in people's minds, nor in people's growing understanding of eternal truth and justice, but in the changes in production methods and exchange methods. The mode of production of material life determines social life, political life and spiritual life.

Social existence determines social consciousness, and social consciousness reacts to social existence. The fundamental driving force to promote social development is the basic social contradiction movement, that is, the contradiction movement between production relations and productivity, superstructure and economic base.

Among the basic social contradictions, productivity is the most active and revolutionary factor. The relations of production must be compatible with the nature of productive forces, and the superstructure must meet the requirements of the economic base. When the contradiction between them reaches a certain level, it is necessary to change the production relations and superstructure in order to liberate and develop the productive forces. In class society, the basic social contradictions are concentrated in class contradictions, so class struggle has become the direct driving force of social development, and the people are the main body of production activities and class struggle and the creators of history.

The revolutionary significance of historical materialism lies in demonstrating the historical inevitability of socialism replacing capitalism, clarifying the social forces and the only way to overthrow capitalist society and realize socialism and communism, pointing out the direction for the proletariat and its political parties and providing ideological weapons. .

Second, what is historical materialism Historical materialism is a science about the general law of human social development.

An important part of Marxist philosophy is a scientific view of social history and a general methodology for understanding and transforming society. Also known as historical materialism.

Historical materialism was founded by Marx and Engels. They call it historical materialism or historical materialism.

Lenin called historical materialism sociology of science, which is the only scientific view of history and the only scientific method of social science, that is, materialist method. e .

Bernstein and others distorted it as economic materialism. As a scientific historical theory, historical materialism is not only the product of specific social and historical conditions, but also the inevitable result of the development of human knowledge.

Since Marx and Engels founded this brand-new historical view in the 1940s of 19, it has been constantly tested in practice, enriched in content and improved in form, and is and will continue to develop in new practice. Historical materialism is a great achievement of human scientific thought, which opens up a new and broad scientific field for human understanding.

It has realized the change of the whole social historical view and philosophy, and laid a historical theoretical foundation for Marxist political economy and scientific socialist philosophy. Basic viewpoints: 1, the relationship between productive forces and production relations 2, the relationship between economic base and superstructure 3, the relationship between social existence and social consciousness 4, the relationship between individuals and society.

Third, what is historical materialism? The theory of studying the general law of social development, revealing the objective law of social development and scientifically discussing the general law of social development is called historical materialism, also known as historical materialism, which was jointly studied and created by Marx and Engels.

To study the law of social development, we should distinguish between general law and special law: general law is the law that plays a universal role in all social forms; Special laws first refer to the laws that work in a certain social form for a long time, and also include the laws that only work in a certain social form and the laws that work in different fields of social life. Such special laws can also be called individual laws. They are not the research objects of historical materialism, but the research objects of various social sciences.

The relationship between historical materialism and various specific social sciences is also related, different and interactive. Historical materialism is the only scientific view of social history, and its establishment is the greatest achievement of scientific thought and a profound revolution in social history.

Before Marxism came into being, the materialistic view of nature had existed for a long time and was developing continuously. However, in the field of social history, although the ideological bud of historical materialism appeared, on the whole, people's understanding of social history has been in a state of confusion for a long time, and there is no scientific explanation for social history, and historical materialism has not been established. The most fundamental change of historical materialism in the view of social history lies in its first correct solution to the basic problem of the view of social history, that is, the relationship between social existence and social consciousness.

Marx pointed out that it is not human social consciousness that determines human social existence, on the contrary, it is human social existence that determines human social consciousness. This is the basic principle of historical materialism.

At the same time, Marxism also pointed out that social consciousness has a dynamic reaction to social existence when expounding this principle. This is of great significance in theory and practice: first, social existence determines the formulation of social consciousness principles, and the formation of historical materialism completely overcomes the fundamental defects of the old social history theory, ends the long-term exclusive rule of historical idealism, and fundamentally declares the bankruptcy of historical idealism.

This is an epoch-making contribution of Marxism to the concept of social history. In this way, the extremely chaotic, one-sided and arbitrary view of social history in the past was replaced by an extremely rigorous science, making the theory of social history a real science for the first time.

Since then, people not only have a scientific historical view of understanding social history and its general laws as a whole, but also have a scientific methodology to guide specific social science research. Secondly, historical materialism overcame the incompleteness of materialist philosophy in the past and made it develop into a thorough and complete materialism by leaps and bounds.

Materialism before Marxism is semi-materialism, that is, materialism in natural view and idealism in social history view. The establishment of historical materialism has made a great leap in the development of philosophical materialism, and has since formed a thorough materialistic world outlook.

This is the Marxist philosophy of the unity of materialism and dialectics, natural view and historical view. This is reflected in the inseparable relationship between dialectical materialism and historical materialism. This kind of Marxist philosophy made of steel is based on the universal principle that existence determines consciousness and the principle that social existence determines social consciousness.

The internal unity of these two principles is the central clue between dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and also the central clue between various components and principles of Marxist philosophy. Third, together with the theory of surplus value, historical materialism has turned socialism from fantasy into science, which is the greatest contribution of historical materialism and has revolutionary practical significance.

Historical materialism and surplus value theory are two great discoveries of Marxism. The discovery of historical materialism reveals the general law of social development. Based on the analysis of capitalist economic relations and social contradictions, this paper points out the inevitability of the demise of capitalism and the victory of socialism and communism.

Therefore, historical materialism is the theoretical basis of scientific socialism, which not only successfully guided the past, but also guided us to carry out reform and opening up in the primary stage of socialism. Communicate with each other.

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Four. What is historical materialism? Historical materialism is a science about the universal law of the development of human society, and it is the historical view of the proletariat. Historical materialism holds that the fundamental cause of all historical events is the richness of materials, and the development of social history has its inherent objective laws.

It is believed that the mode of production of material life determines the general process of social life, political life and spiritual life; Social existence determines social consciousness, and social consciousness reacts on social existence; The contradiction between productivity and production relations, the contradiction between economic base and superstructure are the basic contradictions to promote all social development. In class society, the basic social contradiction is class struggle, which is the direct driving force for the development of class society; The highest form of class struggle is to carry out social revolution and seize state power; The history of social development is the history of people's practical activities, and the people are the creators of history, but the activities and functions of the people in creating history are always restricted by the economic, political and ideological and cultural conditions in a certain historical stage.

What are the historical views of verbs (abbreviation of verb)? 1. Global view of history (holistic view of history)

The basic feature of the global view of history is to study the whole human history as a whole. Its research objects include not only Europe, but also Asia, Africa and Latin America. Stavri and Anoos described the view of global history in their masterpiece A General History of the World as follows: it studies the history of the whole world, not the history of a certain country or region; Focus on all mankind, not just Europeans or non-Europeans. In addition, global history is not equal to the simple addition of national history or regional history, but focuses on revealing the interrelationship and influence of different regions and national history.

This requires us to focus on how the world moved from isolation to integration when studying world history; Focus on the development of the western route, colonial expansion, industrial revolution, world market, capitalist world system, globalization and other issues. At the same time, when studying the history of China, we should put it in the background and broad vision of the whole world history.

2. The concept of civilization history

The view of civilization history holds that the history of human society is the evolutionary history of human civilization. The basic characteristics of the concept of civilization history are: based on the development of productive forces, human history is divided into agricultural civilization era and industrial civilization era; Pay attention to the achievements of civilization that still have great influence, trace back the history from reality, explain how human history is passed down from history to reality, and pay attention to the combination of history and reality; Taking the type of civilization as the basic unit of research, we realize the diversity of civilization.

Guided by the concept of civilization history, we focus on understanding and mastering the evolution process of capitalist development from manual workshop era to age of steam, then to electrical era and then to information era; We should focus on reviewing important political systems in history, such as the constitutional monarchy in Britain and the separation of powers in the United States. And ideas in ancient culture that still have great influence on the development of human society today, such as democratic ideas.

3. Modern historical view

The transformation process of human society from agricultural society to industrial society is modernization. The modern historical view focuses on this development and evolution process. The basic characteristics of modern historical view are as follows: the process of transforming agricultural society into industrial society includes economic industrialization and urbanization, political democratization and legalization, cultural rationalization, scientization, popularization and popularization, and equality and secularization in social life; The types of modernization can be divided into primary modernization and conduction modernization, capitalist modernization and socialist modernization. Britain, France and the United States are the primitive types of capitalist modernization, Japanese history is the transmission type of capitalist modernization, and China is the transmission type of socialist modernization.

4. Historical materialism (historical materialism)

Historical materialism is a science about the general law of human social development. Founded by Marx and Engels in the middle of19th century. German ideology is the main symbol of its formation. The basic characteristics of historical materialism are: the subject of history is realistic man, and the essence and activities of man are subject to material living conditions; The mode of production of material life determines the general process of social life, political life and spiritual life; Social existence determines social consciousness, which can actively react to social existence; The contradiction between productive forces and relations of production, the contradiction between superstructure and economic base are the basic contradictions to promote the development of all major events, which are manifested in class contradictions and class struggles in class society; People are the creators of history.

In the study of history, we basically use this method when analyzing the root causes and greatest impacts of historical events.