Country name: Republic of Estonia.
Independence Day: February 24th (1965438+February 24th, 2008).
Independence Day resumed: August 20th (1991August 20th).
Victory Day: June 23rd (19 19 defeated the Germans).
National flag: it is a horizontal rectangle with the aspect ratio of 1 1: 7. The flag surface consists of three parallel and equal horizontal rectangles, which are blue, black and white from top to bottom. Blue symbolizes national independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity; Black symbolizes wealth and the country's fertile land and rich mineral resources; White symbolizes auspiciousness, freedom, brightness and purity. The current national flag was officially used in 19 18. Estonia became a member of the former Soviet Union in 1940. Starting from 1945, a red flag with a five-pointed star, sickle and hammer pattern on the upper part and white, blue and red ripples on the lower part was adopted as the national flag. 1988, the original national flag was restored, which is the current national flag.
National emblem: It's a coat of arms. There are three blue lions opposite the yellow shield. The lion stuck out its red tongue and raised its tail. The coat of arms is supported by ornaments.
National dignitaries: President Arnold Rutter was elected at 5438+0 in September 2006 and took office at 10 in June.
Physical geography: covers an area of 45,200 square kilometers. Located on the east coast of the Baltic Sea, it borders gulf of riga, the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland in the northwest, Latvia in the southeast and Russia in the east. The coastline is 3794 kilometers long. The territory is low and flat, with low hills in the middle, with an average elevation of 50 meters. Many lakes and swamps. The main rivers are Narva River, Penu River and Aimei River. The biggest lakes are Lake Chude and Lake Waltz. It has a maritime climate. The coldest in winter is 1, the average temperature in February is -5℃, the hottest in summer is 16℃, and the average annual precipitation is 500-700 mm. ..
Population: 136 10000 (2002). Estonians belong to the Ugric people in Finland. Estonians account for 67.9%, Russians for 25.6%, and the rest are Ukrainians and Belarusians. Most residents believe in Christianity and Lutheranism. Estonian is the official language. The urban population accounts for 70% of the total population.
Capital: Tallinn, population about 400,000 (2002). Tallinn is divided into 8 districts with a total area of 158. 3 square kilometers. 199 1 Love becomes capital after independence is restored. Tallinn is located in the northwest of Ireland, near the Baltic Sea. Historically, Tallinn was once a transportation hub connecting China, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe and Northern Europe, and was known as the "crossroads of Europe". Tallinn Port in this city is the biggest port in love. The climate is obviously influenced by the ocean. It is cool and rainy in spring, warm and humid in summer and autumn, cold and snowy in winter, with an average annual temperature of 4. 7℃.
Administrative Region: The whole country is divided into 15 provinces with 254 towns. The names of the provinces are as follows: Hiyo, Haliu, La Paz, Salie, Riane-Viru, Yida-Viru, Yalva, Viridia, Yegeva, Tartu and Viru.
Brief history: Estonians have lived in present-day Estonia since ancient times. 10-12nd century, southeastern Estonia was merged into Kiev Ross. 1030, yaroslav, a wise man, established the city of Zhurjev (now Tartu) in Estonia. Estonian nation was formed in12-13rd century. Estonia was occupied by Germanic knights and Danes in the early13rd century. /kloc-from the middle of the 0/3rd century to the middle of the 0/6th century, Estonia was conquered by the German Crusaders and became a part of Livonia. /kloc-At the end of 0/6, Estonia's territory was divided between Sweden, Denmark and Poland. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/7th century, Sweden occupied the whole of Estonia. During the period of 1700- 172 1, Peter the Great waged a long-term "Northern War" with Sweden in order to seize the Baltic Sea, and finally defeated Sweden, forcing Sweden to sign the Nistat Peace Treaty, occupying Estonia and merging Estonia into Russia. The Soviet regime was founded in1917165438+10. 1965438+In February 2008, the whole territory of Estonia was occupied by German troops. In the same year129 October, 165438 After the Soviet Red Army liberated part of Estonia's territory, the Estonian Labor Commune (Soviet Republic) was established in Nava. 19 19 65438+ October commune was subverted. In May of the same year, Estonia announced the establishment of a bourgeois democratic republic. The Republic of China signed the Su Ai Treaty with the Russian Federation in Tartu on February 2, 1920, and Russia "voluntarily and permanently" renounced its sovereignty rights over Estonian territory and people. 1920 On February 24th, Ai announced his secession from the Soviet regime. 1938 The Secret Protocol of the Non-aggression Treaty signed by the Soviet Union and Germany on August 23rd stipulated that Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were within the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union. In September of the same year, the Soviet Union and Estonia signed a mutual assistance treaty, stipulating that Estonia would provide military bases to the Soviet Union and allow the Soviet Union to station troops. 1In June, 1940, the Soviet Union sent troops to Estonia according to the 1939 Molotov-ribbentrop secret agreement. In July, 2/kloc-0, Estonian Soviet socialism was established and joined the Republic. Estonia joined the Soviet Union on August 6th. 1941On June 22nd, Germany attacked the Soviet Union, and Estonia was occupied by Germany for three years and became a part of the German Oriental Province. 1944165438+10 The Soviet Red Army liberated Estonia in October. 1989165438+1October 15 The declaration of the Estonian Supreme Soviet that Estonia joined the Soviet Union 1940 is invalid. 1On March 30th, 990, Estonia was restored as a republic. 1991August 20th, love officially declared its independence. On September 6th of the same year, Amnesty International joined the CSCE and the United Nations.
Politics: Decentralized parliamentary democracy. The supreme power of the state belongs to the people, and independence and sovereignty are supreme and inalienable. Parliament is the highest authority, with a unicameral system and a four-year term. Its chairman has the right to sign laws and decrees and nominate the head of government to the Supreme Soviet. Main functions: passing laws; To decide on a referendum; To elect the President of the Republic of China; Ratify or declare the abrogation of diplomatic treaties; Authorize the Prime Minister to form a government; To adopt and approve the national budget; Decided to vote of no confidence in the government, prime minister and ministers of People's Republic of China (PRC); Declare a state of emergency throughout the country; To solve all administrative problems beyond the functions and powers of the president, the government, other state organs or local governments as stipulated in the Constitution. Citizens who have reached the age of 2 1 and are eligible to vote can run for parliament. Implement a multi-party system and a parliamentary system characterized by western democracy. The head of government (prime minister) is appointed by the parliament, and ministers are nominated by the prime minister, but they must be approved by the parliament. The judiciary is divided into three levels: national courts, regional courts and urban and rural courts, and all judges are elected by the parliament. The Constitution provides for the establishment of the post of Chief Justice, who is responsible for supervising and arbitrating the constitutionality of laws promulgated by Parliament, central and local governments.
Economy: Industry and agriculture are relatively developed. Lack of natural resources, forest area 18 14600 hectares, accounting for 43% of the total land area. The main minerals are oil shale (with a reserve of about 6 billion tons), phosphate rock (with a reserve of about 4 billion tons) and limestone. The main industrial sectors are machinery manufacturing, wood processing, building materials, electronics, textiles and food processing industries. Agriculture is mainly animal husbandry, mainly raising cows, beef cattle and pigs; The main crops are: wheat, rye, potatoes, vegetables, corn, flax and feed crops. Pillar industries such as tourism, public transportation and service industry continue to grow. 1998165438+1October 13 Join the WTO. In 200 1 year, Ireland's foreign exchange reserves were US$ 830 million and its per capita GDP was US$ 4,004.
Military: The President is the supreme commander of the armed forces, the National Defense Commission is the highest advisory body of the President on national defense affairs, and the Ministry of National Defense is the department of the government to implement and implement national defense policies. The commander of the National Defence Force is the supreme commander of the army. The state implements compulsory military service, with a service period of 8- 12 months.
Press and publication: The main newspapers are Postman, Estonian Daily and Izvestia. The main news agency is Estonian News Agency. Six of the seven TV stations are privately owned; * * * There are 27 radio stations, of which 1 are state-owned and 26 are private.
Diplomacy: Strive to join the European Union and NATO, while maintaining traditional cooperative relations with Nordic countries and Baltic countries, and strive to ease relations with Russia.
Relations with China:1991September 1 1, Estonia established diplomatic relations with China. In August 2005, Estonian President ruutel paid a state visit to China.