Equestrian competition needs the tacit cooperation between jockeys and horses, which tests the skills, speed, endurance and obstacle-crossing ability of horses.
Equestrian Games in Old Beijing
As far back as the Yuan Dynasty, there were horse races in big cities. After the Mongols made their capital in Beijing, they brought their favorite horse racing to Beijing and gradually became popular in Beijing. At that time, the imperial court also combined this activity with the military service system and became a system, especially in the case of large-scale gatherings, horse racing, riding and shooting were all such activities.
In the Ming Dynasty, Beijing rode horses, rode and shot every spring. After entering the Qing Dynasty, horse racing became more popular. Because Manchu is also a nation that is very good at riding and shooting, especially during the Qianlong period, many racecourses were built in Beijing, and horse racing activities were held in various folk festivals. The flag soldiers from princes to nobles were keen on this activity. Therefore, under the advocacy of the royal family, this activity gradually spread to the people and lasted until the early years of the Republic of China.
At the end of Qing Dynasty, there was an activity called Jockey Club in Beijing. It is not the traditional horse racing in China, but the so-called western-style horse racing (that is, equestrian events). At the end of Xuan Tong in Qing Dynasty (19 1 1), Shuntianfu allocated a piece of land of about 200 mu to Beijing Shen Xi Guild Hall, which is located near the lotus pond outside today's Xibianmen. At that time, this area was still desolate. After the completion of the racecourse, it gradually became lively. Every time there is a horse race, people come and go. There are stands, ticket offices, lottery rooms, horse pens and players' lounges in the racecourse. Every race day, fans from all walks of life in Beijing (including some foreigners in Beijing) go there one after another, and there are a sea of people inside and outside the racecourse. Each ticket window and lottery window are marked with the numbers of knights and horses, so customers can buy one kind of horse racing tickets or multiple kinds of horse racing tickets. Dajia, a wealthy businessman, or someone who loves this way, spends a lot of money to buy one or more lottery tickets in bulk in order to win the lottery. This kind of "Jockey Club" activity continued intermittently until the late Republic of China, and then gradually declined, and those racetracks that were once overcrowded also disappeared.
Equestrian evolved from ancient production and war. Horse racing is a competitive activity of human riding and a major and basic event of equestrian sports. It is a world-wide traditional sports activity.
According to textual research, in the ancient Olympic Games held in ancient Greece in the 7th century BC, there were four carriages, which had long been popular before. After more than 40 years of carriage racing, horse racing was changed to be controlled by riders. About16th century, Arabian horses were introduced to the European continent, and horse racing flourished. The chivalry of ancient Rome and ancient Greece in the Middle Ages became a common practice and became the fashion pursued by European nobles. Horse riding and horse racing, as one of the seven skills of knights, were greatly shown off by nobles. 1 174, a racetrack appeared in London, England. Every Friday, a large number of princes and nobles gather here. 1 195 King Charles I of England offered a bag of gold to the winner of a horse race lasting 4.828 kilometers. This is the first horse racing prize in equestrian history. The horse racing we see now originated in Britain, and its competition method is much more advanced and scientific than that of ancient horse racing.
At present, the countries that develop horse racing in the world are Britain, France, the United States, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Australia, Japan, Hong Kong and Macau. Take horse racing in America as an example. Every year, more than 10,000 horse races are held at103,000, with an audience of 80 million and horse tickets sold at 120 billion dollars. The most important of these is the Kentucky Derby, where the best horse races in the United States get together to compete.
Modern horse racing in China began in 1960s in 19. By 1930s, besides the rapid development of horse racing in Hong Kong, there were two horse farms in Shanghai, three in Tianjin and more than 20 in China. Shanghai racecourse was once the largest racecourse in Asia before liberation.
1982, China applied to join the FIA. Since that year, the national equestrian championship has been held every year. Horse racing was included in the official competition of the national championship, but it didn't stop until the end of the National Games in 1987 because it paid attention to the development of equestrian events in the Olympic Games.
1991April, the first horse racing club in new China was born in Shenzhen. The following year, the Ministry held a "Guess the Head Horse" flat race. 1992 April 26th. Golden Horse Cup China Mawang Guangdong Invitational Tournament was held in Huangcun, a suburb of Guangzhou. After Wang Sai, horse racing activities have come and gone all over the country. Horse racing in China began to heat up.
With the continuous development of horse racing in China, there is a higher requirement for the quality of participating horses. 1995 Shenzhen imported thoroughbred horses from New Zealand, Inner Mongolia and Ireland.
Know little about horses
There are about 300 kinds of horses in the world, among which the three most famous strains are blood horse, thoroughbred horse and Arabian horse. Blood horse is an ancient work of art in horses, and there are few existing ones. Thoroughbred horses are the fastest horses in the world and the best horses on the racetrack. Arabian horses are pets of royalty and tycoons. If thoroughbred horses are compared to noble horses, then Arabian thoroughbred horses are the royal family in Equus.
Blood horse originated in ancient Central Asia and is now distributed in Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan. In the rapid running, the blood horse will shed red sweat drops on its neck, hence its name. The blood horse made great contributions to the conquest of nomadic peoples in ancient Central Asia. It is said that Genghis Khan's mount is a bloody horse. Blood horses once flourished in China, and all previous governments in ancient China had the tradition of raising and requisitioning blood horses in today's Xinjiang, but in modern times, blood horses almost disappeared in China. In recent years, some of them have been imported through various channels, and leaders of Central Asian countries have also given some to China. Now, a small-scale Khan horse population has formed in China.
Arabian horse is the oldest horse breed on the earth. Generally speaking, Oriental horse or thoroughbred Arabian horse refers to Arabian horse with desert blood cultivated in Arab region. They have the most beautiful figure among thoroughbred horses. They are not big. They are generally 140_ 150 cm tall and weigh 385_500 kg. It has a typical riding shape: the head is light and handsome, the forehead is wide, the nose on the forehead is gradually narrowed, the face is upright or slightly concave, the ears are short and vertical, the eyes are big and radiant, the distance between the eyes is wide, the nostrils are large, and the lower forehead is deep and wide. The neck is long and beautiful, and the back and waist are short. Compared with other horses, it has 1 lumbar vertebra and 1_2 coccygeal vertebrae, with round ribs, high caudal base, deep buttocks, slender limbs, correct posture, well-developed tendons, tough hooves and strong physique.
The color of Arabian horse hair is mainly cyan, followed by mane and chestnut hair, and black hair is rare. There are often white stripes on the head and lower limbs. Pure Arabian horses have no flower hair, spotted hair and barge horses, and their skin is always black regardless of their coat color. Arabian horses have made outstanding contributions to the cultivation and improvement of many horse breeds in the world. The famous British thoroughbred horse was bred by Arabian horses.
The main horse breeds in China are Ili horse in Xinjiang and Mongolian horse in Inner Mongolia. They are all relatively small, so it is impossible to have their place among the world famous horses.
Riding posture
English leisure cycling usually needs more formal training, and the activity place is held in a formal venue; Dress formally, wear knight hat, breeches, English riding boots or training boots, and the whip is often inserted in the riding boots on the outside of the calf; The aristocratic posture sitting on horseback.
American leisure cycling is generally more common in cross-country cycling. Dress casually and comfortably, usually wearing jeans, cowboy hat or baseball cap, cowboy boots or ordinary boots with leggings. Riding posture is unrestrained and smooth, unrestricted.
steeplechase
The equestrian obstacle course competition is held in sand or grass with a length of 90 meters and a width of 60 meters.
There are 10- 12 obstacles with different shapes in the stadium, including a double obstacle and a triple obstacle. The height of the obstacle is between1.2m-1.4m. Put 1- 12 in front of the obstacle &; 127; Number plate. The rider jumps over all obstacles in numerical order.
After the rider enters the venue, the referee will signal the bell to start the race. The rider must pass the starting post (D) within 60 seconds before the race can begin. After jumping all 12 obstacles, you must pass the post at the finish line (a) before the competition results are valid.
In the competition, every time the rider touches the beam-he will be fined 4 points; The horse refused to jump once or disobeyed -3 points; The rider fell for the first time-8 points; The rider who exceeds the specified time will be fined 0.25 points per second. The rider failed to clear the obstacle in numerical order, fell off the horse for the second time, and the horse refused to jump for three times. If the race time exceeds the limited time, it will be eliminated. & amp 127; The winner of the final grade evaluation is less deduction and faster time. Equestrian events are divided into team events and individual events. The team competition consists of four players, and the results of the top three players are added as the team results. The obstacle height of individual competition is higher than that of team competition. If the rider has the same penalty points within the specified time, a rematch will be held, which will reduce the number of obstacles and increase the difficulty and height of obstacles. Riders should use skilled skills, don't hit obstacles, and take the best route in order to finish the race in the shortest time and win the final place.
Horse training technique
Also known as "Equestrian Race" or "Advanced Training Race". One of the international equestrian competitions. The rider performs various coherent standardized movements on horseback and skillfully transitions to advanced footwork competitions. The purpose of this paper is to compare the degree of obedience, taming and training of horses, the ability of horses to respond to the rider's reins, feet and riding AIDS, and the coordination of horses and people's comprehensive movements. The competition actions include: changing running, walking backwards, changing direction, diagonal stride, trotting in place, spinning, and advanced fancy riding. All required actions are completed within 12 minutes. According to the merits of the completed action, the score is 0- 10. Those who miss the time limit will be deducted. Rank according to scores. According to the different training levels of horses, the events are divided into: St. George Award, Intermediate 1, Intermediate 2, Grand Prix and Special Grand Prix.
The dressage competition is held on a field 60 meters long and 20 meters wide. 12 English letters are set on the edge of the field to show the change of the rider's pace in the exact position. After the rider enters the venue from the letter A, he makes various prescribed actions according to the competition list released before the game. These prescribed movements mainly consist of three basic steps: slow pace, fast pace and running. Athletes control horses to make various stride movements such as shortening, middle, lengthening, spinning in place, riding wheels, and diagonal stride. The national championship subject * * * has 22 designated actions, each with the highest score of 10. After the completion of the 22 prescribed movements, there are four other overall impressions: the pace of the horse; The horse's action vitality; The obedience of horses; The rider's posture and motion assistance. The highest impression score is 40 points, and the total score of the audience is 280 points.
The referee scores according to the correctness and regularity of the prescribed actions made by the rider and the horse, the coordination between the man and the horse, and the obedience and vitality of the horse. If there is a violation of the prescribed action route, the referee will signal the rider to suspend the race and correct it. If the rider violates the route for the first time, 2 points will be deducted from the total score of the whole race; Deduct 4 points for the second violation; Deduct 8 points for the third violation; The fourth violation was eliminated. & amp 127; The specified time for the whole game is 7 minutes. After the game, the highest score wins.
Each team allows four riders to participate in the team competition, and the results of the three riders with the highest total score are added together, which is the team's team results.
Equestrian three-day race
Also known as "comprehensive all-around equestrian competition". One of the international equestrian competitions. For three consecutive days, including:
The first day of dressage competition;
The next day's cross-country endurance race;
On the third day, the obstacle course was overcome.
Dressage competition is conducted according to the rules of individual dressage competition. Cross-country endurance race consists of four parts.
The first interval and the third interval require riders to run 20 kilometers at an average speed of 240 meters per minute; The second interval is the cross-country obstacle course, which requires running 3600-4200m with an average speed of 600m/min. At the same time, there are three fence barriers every 1000 meters. The fourth interval is cross-country running, which requires running 8000 meters at an average speed of 450 meters per minute. At the same time, four different obstacles are set every 1000 meters. The results of the four intervals are evaluated according to the rider's fault penalty and overtime penalty. The steeplechase is designed to test the physical strength and obedience of horses. It is required to complete the whole journey at an average speed of 400 meters per minute. There are 10- 12 obstacles along the way. It is required that one third of the obstacles reach the highest limit, and ditch barriers must be set up. Riders who make mistakes in crossing obstacles or exceed the time limit will be fined. Evaluate your grades according to the number of points deducted. For three days in a row, riders must ride the same horse.