About 5000 years ago, it began in the Xuanyuan period of the Yellow Emperor. It is about 4600 years since the Three Emperors and Five Emperors. About 4 100 years since Xia dynasty; It is about 2240 years since the first unified centralized Qin Dynasty in China.
1, slave society, pre-Qin period (2 1 century BC ~ 22 1 year BC);
Slave society experienced three historical stages: Xia (about 2 1 ~ BC16th century), Shang (about16th century ~ BC1/century) and Western Zhou (BC 1 1 century).
2. Qin and Han Dynasties (2265438 BC+0 ~ 220 AD):
Qin Shihuang set out to centralize power and proclaimed himself emperor, which was passed down from generation to generation and further established the hereditary system of father and son.
Qin and Han Dynasties was the rising period of feudal society in China, which played an important role in the ancient history of China. Qin Shihuang unified China and established the Qin Dynasty, which was of epoch-making significance.
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, a series of measures conducive to reunification, such as the establishment and perfection of feudal autocratic centralization of authority and the establishment of county system, have been imitated by the autocratic rule of later emperors.
After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the ruling order of China feudal society, which lasted for more than two thousand years, was basically established in the Qin and Han Dynasties. During this period, the social economy developed greatly, and the Western Han Dynasty appeared a prosperous time like the rule of culture and scenery.
3. The Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties (220 ~ 589):
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out. In the process of suppressing the yellow turban insurrectionary, the powerful landlords strengthened their own strength, resulting in the situation of feudal separatist disputes.
Since then, it has gone through the Three Kingdoms (220 ~ 280), the Western Jin Dynasty (265 ~ 365,438+06), the Eastern Jin Dynasty (365,438+07 ~ 420) and the Southern and Northern Dynasties (386 ~ 589) for more than 360 years.
In the meantime, the three countries, Wei Shuwu, dominated the country, and the sixteen countries in the Eastern Jin Dynasty were in constant dispute. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Southern and Northern Dynasties confronted each other for a long time. Apart from the brief unification in the Western Jin Dynasty, China was basically in a period of division.
4. Sui and Tang Dynasties (58 1 year -907):
Known as the Sui Dynasty (58 1-6 18) and the Tang Dynasty (6 18-907), it was also the most prosperous period in the history of China.
It is two unified dynasties after the Five Revolts and the Northern and Southern Dynasties. National thoughts are more open.
The two dynasties made unprecedented progress in politics, military affairs, culture, economy and science and technology. The Sui and Tang emperors were more enlightened in governing the country, which also influenced the neighboring countries to pay tribute to China.
The relationship between the central government and ethnic minorities in border areas is closer, the economy is prosperous, and science, technology and culture are highly developed.
4. Song and Yuan Dynasties (960- 1368):
This is a period of further strengthening the ethnic integration and continuous development of the feudal economy in China.
In 907, Lu Ye Abaoji, the leader of the Khitan, established the Liao Dynasty, with Beijing as its capital. After 960, Zhao Kuangyin, the general of the Zhou Dynasty, put on a yellow robe and founded the Song Dynasty, with Tokyo as its capital. After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries ended.
1038, Tangut leader Li Yuanhao established Xixia. In the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, there were financial difficulties and other crises. In order to overcome the ruling crisis, Wang Anshi carried out political reforms. 1 1 15 years, the leader of the nuzhen nationality, akuta, established the Jin Dynasty. 1 127 Jin Jun went south, ending the rule of the Northern Song Dynasty. The rule of the Southern Song Dynasty began.
The confrontation between the Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty led to the new economic development of the North and the South. At the same time, it also strengthened economic and cultural exchanges. On 1206, Temujin, the leader of the Mongols, unified the Mongolian ministries and established the Mongolian regime.
Genghis Khan and his descendants launched a large-scale war. Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty on 127 1 and unified the whole country on 1279. The unification of Yuan promoted the development of multi-ethnic countries. The provincial system implemented in the Yuan Dynasty effectively governed the whole country.
5. Ming and Qing Dynasties: (1368-1840)
The Ming Dynasty was the last feudal dynasty established by the Han nationality in the history of China. Qing Dynasty was a country established by Manchu in the Far East, and it is generally considered as the last feudal dynasty in China.
Ming and Qing Dynasties were a period when feudal society turned from prosperity to decline. During this period, imperial power was highly concentrated, feudal absolutism intensified, the germination of capitalism developed slowly, and ideas were strictly controlled.
The Ming and Qing Dynasties are generally regarded as an important period of social transformation in China, especially in the Qing Dynasty.
6. Republic of China (1912 ——1949):
The Xinhai Revolution of 19 1 1 overthrew the monarchy and established the Republic. After Yuan Shikai's death, China entered a chaotic period of warlord separatism. After the National Revolution, Agrarian Revolution, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation.
1926, Chiang Kai-shek inherited Sun Yat-sen's legacy and led the National Northern Expedition, intending to unify China. By 1928, the northeast changed hands, and the National Government officially unified China. Chiang Kai-shek became the leader of the Kuomintang after Sun Yat-sen.
After reunification, the Republic of China entered the so-called "golden decade" construction period, during which the society was stable and tended to be stereotyped. 1937 War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out in an all-round way, and China became an anti-fascist ally, greatly improving its international status and becoming the four major countries of the United States, Britain, China and the Soviet Union in one fell swoop.
The Republic of China adheres to a republican form of government, and sovereignty belongs to all citizens. At the beginning, the interim constitution was promulgated, and then the national government implemented the military and political period, political training period and constitutional period under the background of the Three People's Principles and the general plan of founding the country. After the Anti-Japanese War, a national assembly was held to determine the presidential system.
During the Republic of China, diplomacy was characterized by internationalization and the establishment of a modern nation-state, following international rules, safeguarding national interests, legal independence and de facto autonomy.
7. Since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) (1949- present):
1949 (ugly year) 10 was founded in June 1 year, with the five-star red flag as the national flag and march of the volunteers as the national anthem. The national emblem includes the national flag, Tiananmen Square, gears and ears of wheat and rice. The capital Beijing is divided into 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and 2 provincial special administrative regions. It is a major ethnic group with the Han nationality.
After the founding of New China, economic recovery and construction began immediately, and 1953 began three major transformations. By 1956, the socialist system was established and entered the stage of socialist exploration. Reform and opening up began after the Cultural Revolution, and the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system was gradually established.
Extended data:
Anti-aggression and anti-imperialism are the national contradictions between the Chinese nation and foreign invaders, which constitute a "semi-colonial society" in modern China. After the major western capitalist countries completed the second industrial revolution and entered the stage of imperialism one after another, anti-aggression developed into anti-imperialism.
Anti-feudalism and seeking democracy are class contradictions between China people (including peasants, workers, craftsmen, bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie and other revolutionary classes) and feudalism or forces (including landlord class and bureaucratic bourgeoisie), which constitute a "semi-feudal society" in modern China.
Ethnic contradiction and class contradiction are the main contradictions in contemporary China. Through struggle, ethnic contradictions will be transformed into national independence, and class contradictions will be transformed into people being masters of their own affairs. Thus formed the new China.
China led the new democratic revolution to victory, and People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded in 1949, which indicated that all the basic conditions for China's large-scale independent modernization were met, and China's modernization entered a new development period.
Over the past century and a half, with the efforts of economic, political and cultural changes, China society has gradually changed and gradually moved towards modernization. Studying the modern history of China with modernization as the basic clue will study the social and historical life from multiple angles and levels, not just the content involved in class struggle and political life.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Modern History of China