1 Why was the Opium War the starting point of China's modern history?
A: After the Opium War, China's social nature and principal contradictions changed and gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation has become the main contradiction; New relations of production, new classes and new ideas have emerged in China.
2 How to understand the main contradictions, social nature and basic characteristics of modern China?
A: (1) The two main contradictions are the contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation, and the contradiction between feudalism and the masses of the people, while the former is the main contradiction. (2) The social nature of China is that the feudal society has become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. (3) The basic characteristics of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society: the capitalist imperialist forces manipulated the economic lifeline of China and controlled the politics of China; China feudal forces colluded with foreign aggression to oppress and enslave the people of China; China's natural economy has been destroyed, but land ownership still exists, which hinders China's modernization and democratization; The national capital economy has always existed, but its strength is very weak; The political power is not unified, and the political, economic and cultural development in various regions is unbalanced; Under the double oppression of capitalist imperialism and feudalism, the broad masses of people in China are starving and have no political rights.
chapter one
1 what are the root causes and lessons of China's failure in recent anti-aggression wars?
A: One reason is the decadent social system, and the other reason is the backwardness of the economic system.
Lesson: If you fall behind, you will be beaten. Fundamentally speaking, without overthrowing China's decadent semi-colonial and semi-feudal social system, it is impossible to widely mobilize and organize the people to wage a victorious anti-aggression war.
2 How did modern capitalist imperialism invade China economically?
A: Control the trading ports of China; Deprive China of its tariff autonomy; Dumping goods and exporting capital; Manipulate the economic lifeline of China.
chapter two
1 How to understand the significance, failure reasons and lessons of the peasant war in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?
A: Reasons for failure: (Subjective reasons) The limitations of the peasant class: the limitations of the guiding ideology and the corruption of the leading group. (objective reasons) the combination of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces is far greater than the revolutionary forces.
Historical significance: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the Qing government, accelerated the historical process of the collapse of the feudal system, attacked foreign invaders to a certain extent, defended democratic independence, and delayed the process of China's colonization. The anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary struggle spirit greatly inspired the people of China and had a far-reaching impact on the later revolutions in China and Eurasia, and became the founder of the democratic revolution in China.
Lessons: In semi-colonial and semi-feudal China, farmers have great revolutionary potential, but they can't shoulder the heavy responsibility of leading the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle to win, and a simple peasant war can't complete the historical task of striving for national independence and people's liberation.
chapter three
1 Why did the Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen cause great historical changes in modern China? (meaning)
A: (1) The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty and dealt a heavy blow to the reactionary forces at home and abroad. (2) The Revolution of 1911 ended the feudal monarchy, established the bourgeoisie and the government, and made the concept of democracy and harmony deeply rooted in people's hearts. (3) It has promoted new positive changes in social economy, ideological habits and social customs. (4) an ideological emancipation.
Or:
The Revolution of 1911 was led by the bourgeoisie, aiming at opposing absolute monarchy. The revolution aimed at establishing the bourgeoisie and the country is a bourgeois democratic revolution in a relatively complete sense, and it is a milestone for the people of China to rise up for saving the country and rejuvenating the country. Its historical significance is as follows:
A. Put an end to China's more than 2,000-year-old monarchy politically, and fight against imperialist rule in China; B. Economically, it has promoted the development of national capitalism; C. Ideologically, the Revolution of 1911 was an ideological emancipation movement, and the nation and ideas were deeply rooted in the hearts of the people; D diplomatically, it has impacted the imperialist rule in Asia and promoted the upsurge of national liberation movements in Asian countries.
Why did the Revolution of 1911 fail? What does its failure show?
A: The reason for the failure is that (1) did not put forward a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary program; (2) Lack of a broad mass base; (3) A powerful revolutionary party has not been established as a powerful core to unite all revolutionary forces.
Lesson: (1) The national bourgeoisie is soft and compromises; (2) China can only take the socialist road, but it is not feasible to take the capitalist road; (3) China's revolution cannot rely on a few people, but on the broad masses of the people, and the revolution will win; (4) To overthrow any system, we must first make full preparations and have strong armed forces.
3 Three People's Principles? (How to evaluate)
A: (1) Nationalism, including "expelling the Tatars and restoring China", has not put forward a clear and positive view against imperialism. (2) The democracy of "establishing the Republic of China" ignores the position of the broad masses of working people throughout the country. (3) People's livelihood, at that time, refers to "equal land rights".
Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles, which initially described China's unprecedented bourgeois * * * and national plan, is a relatively complete and clear program of bourgeois democratic revolution, and its proposal has had a significant and positive impact on promoting the development of the revolution.
chapter four
What is the content and significance of the early new culture movement of 1?
A: Content: (1) Advocates democracy and opposes autocracy; (2) Advocating science and opposing superstition; (3) Advocating new literature and opposing old literature; (4) Advocating new morality and opposing old morality.
Historical significance: (1) was an enlightenment movement to emancipate the mind, which dealt a heavy blow to feudal traditional ideas; (2) It urges people to explore the truth of saving the country and the people; (3) creating conditions for the spread of Marxism-Leninism; (4) It laid the ideological foundation for the May 4th Movement.
Why is the May 4th Movement the beginning of the new-democratic revolution?
A: From the perspective of the times, the May 4th Movement broke out under the influence of the October Revolution. After the October Revolution broke out, the world entered the era of imperialism and proletarian revolution. Therefore, it is no longer a part of the old bourgeois democratic revolution, but a part of the proletarian and socialist revolution in the new world. A) From the leadership, after the May 4th Movement, the working class in China began to step onto the historical stage in an independent manner, replacing the bourgeoisie and becoming the revolutionary leadership; B) In terms of guiding ideology, the guiding ideology of the China Revolution after the May 4th Movement was Marxism–Leninism; C) From the perspective of the revolutionary future, the May 4th Movement will inevitably lead the revolutionary future to socialism.
What are the reasons and lessons of the failure of the national revolution?
A: Objectively speaking, the counter-revolutionary forces are too strong. Subjectively 1) Chen Duxiu's right deviation was changed in the later period of the Great Revolution; 2) China * * * production party is in its infancy and has no experience; 3) ninety percent of the workers and peasants have been fully mobilized.
Lesson: 1 China revolution must be led by the proletariat; 2. A broad revolutionary united front must be established; 3. We must master the revolutionary armed forces; 4. Party building must be carried out.
4 *** The inevitability of producing the Party?
A: (1) The emergence of the China * * * production party is the requirement of the historical revolution in modern China. The democratic revolution shows that in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China, it is impossible for farmers, petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie to accomplish the historical task of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism. At the call of history, political parties came to power to lead the China Revolution, which left the task of leading the China Revolution to the proletariat and its political party, China.
(2) The growth of the working class in China and the development of the workers' movement laid a class foundation for the establishment of the * * * production party in China; (3) The widespread spread of Marxism in China laid the ideological foundation for China's * * * production party; (4) The May 4th Movement made ideological and cadre preparations for the establishment of the * * * Production Party in China.
5 The inevitability of the spread of Marxism in China?
A: 19 17 The October Revolution broke out in China, which pushed the advanced elements in China to turn their eyes from the west to the east and from bourgeois democracy to socialism.
(1) The October Revolution gave China an inspiration. Countries with backward economy and culture can also use socialist ideology to guide themselves to the road of liberation.
(2) Socialist Russia, born in the October Revolution, called for opposing imperialism and treating China with a new equal attitude, which effectively promoted the spread of socialist ideas in China.
(3) The fact that China and Russian workers, peasants and soldiers were widely mobilized in the October Revolution and thus won the victory inspired the advanced elements in China with new revolutionary methods and urged them to learn the theories followed by this revolution.
After repeated comparisons and inferences, the advanced intellectuals in China chose Marxism. After the May 4th Movement, the socialist ideological trend flourished in China. Under the influence of Li Dazhao and others and the impetus of the situation at that time, a group of patriotic youths, especially those intellectuals who initially had the idea of * * *, embarked on the road of Marxism through their own exploration, attached importance to the study of basic Marxist theories, and drew a clear line with the socialist democracy of the second international. Pay attention to the reality of China, study and apply Marxist theory, and begin to put forward the idea that intellectuals should combine with the working masses.
What is the significance of the establishment of 6 *** producers?
A: Since the establishment of the China * * * Production Party, the China Revolution has a strong core of leadership, scientific guiding ideology, ties with the China Revolution and the world proletarian revolution, and can receive extensive international assistance. Since the founding of the China * * * Production Party, the face of the China revolution has taken on a new look.
chapter five
1 what are the main historical achievements of the August 7th meeting?
A: (1) established the policy of agrarian revolution and armed resistance against Kuomintang reactionaries, and decided to hold an autumn harvest uprising in four provinces of Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi and Guangdong. (2) Resolutely correct and end Chen Duxiu's right capitulationism mistake, remove Chen Duxiu from his post, and decide to take Qu Qiubai as the interim central leader.
What is the main content and historical significance of Zunyi Conference?
A: Content: (1) Organizational issues, criticizing Wang Ming's left-leaning dogmatism mistakes, and electing Mao Zedong as the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau (PSC), thus establishing Mao Zedong's leading position in the whole party and army; (2) On military issues, Li De's military command was abolished, and Zhou Enlai Zhu De was decided to take charge of the military command.
Significance: Saved the China * * * production party, saved the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army, saved the China Revolution, and became a turning point in the history of the China * * * production party.
3 Red Army Long March Spirit?
A: The Long March of the Red Army forged the great Long March spirit. The spirit of the Long March is to put the fundamental interests of the people of the whole country and the Chinese nation above all else, to strengthen the revolutionary ideals and beliefs, and to firmly believe that the just cause will inevitably win; It is the spirit of saving the country and the people, not afraid of any difficulties and obstacles, and at all costs; It is the spirit of adhering to independence, seeking truth from facts and proceeding from reality; It is the spirit of taking care of the overall situation, strict discipline and close unity; It is the spirit of relying on the people closely, sharing weal and woe with the people, and working hard.
The spirit of the Long March is a vivid reflection of the revolutionary style of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people and the people's army, a concentrated display of the national character of the Chinese nation, and the highest embodiment of the national spirit with patriotism as the core. The spirit of the Long March provided a powerful spiritual impetus for the continuous victory of the China Revolution.
Chapter vi
1 Why is War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China a sacred national liberation war?
A: The people of the whole country participated in the anti-Japanese national United front and the national war of resistance under different circumstances, which promoted the unity of the Chinese nation, carried forward the great spirit of the Chinese nation, avoided the fate of being enslaved, and defended national sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Why is the China * * * Production Party the mainstay of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the people of China?
A: (1) China's * * * production party pursues the national anti-Japanese war line and adopts the strategic policy of protracted war.
(2) In order to carry out the all-round anti-Japanese war line, China's * * * production party made a strategic decision to open up the battlefield behind enemy lines, and insisted on carrying out guerrilla warfare extensively behind enemy lines. (3) China * * * production party adheres to the principle of independence in the United front, adheres to the policy of unity and progress in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and opposes compromise, division and retrogression. (4) China * * * Production Party actively builds anti-Japanese democratic base areas, and implements the three-thirds system in the anti-Japanese democratic base areas. Vigorously develop production and actively carry out modernization and cadre education. (5) Carrying out the anti-Japanese democratic movement and anti-Japanese cultural work in the rear area has played an important role in stimulating the patriotic consciousness of the people in the rear area, upholding the cooperation and unity of the countries in the war of resistance against Japan, supporting the front line of the war of resistance against Japan, and accumulating revolutionary forces. (6) China * * * Producers' Party integrated Marxism into China's national conditions, and the new democratic theory founded armed China * * * Producers' Party ideologically.
3. How to evaluate the position and role of the Kuomintang government in implementing the route and frontal battlefield in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression?
A: War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's China People's Party's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression line is one-sided, and it is impossible for War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression to win when the enemy is strong and we are weak. This is also one of the reasons why the national army has repeatedly lost in the frontal battlefield. Throughout War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Kuomintang has played an important role. Especially in the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, it effectively curbed the arrogance of Japanese imperialism, contained most Japanese troops, and provided convenient conditions for the production party to open up the battlefield behind enemy lines. Generally speaking, the Kuomintang's war of resistance is an important part of the Chinese nation's war of resistance.
Why is War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's The People of China an example of a weak country defeating a strong country? What is its basic experience?
A: Mao Zedong said that the Sino-Japanese War was a deadly war between semi-colonial and semi-feudal China and imperialism in the 1930s. On the one hand, the contrast between Japanese as a strong country and China as a weak country determines the durability of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. On the other hand, Japan is a retrogressive barbaric war, and it is helpless in the international arena, while China is a big country, carrying out a progressive and correct war against aggression and getting a lot of help in the international arena. China already has a politically mature Chinese production party representing the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation and the people of China, a War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression base area and a people's army, so the final victory will belong to China.
Experience: First, the great unity of the people of all ethnic groups in China is the source of strength for the people of China to overcome all difficulties and realize their own goals; Secondly, the great national spirit with patriotism as the core is the spiritual driving force for China people to forge ahead in unity; Third, improving comprehensive national strength is the basic guarantee for the Chinese nation to stand on its own feet in the world. Fourth, the people of China love peace and oppose the war of aggression, but at the same time they are not afraid of war; Fifth, only by adhering to the leadership of China Producers' Party.
5. The experience of China's revolutionary victory: establishing a United front; Adhere to the revolutionary armed struggle; Strengthen the self-construction of the * * * production party.
Chapter VII
1 after War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, why did the Kuomintang government fall into the encirclement of the whole people and disintegrate rapidly?
A: In nature, it represents the reactionary rule of the big bourgeoisie; From the policy point of view: autocracy, dictatorship, treason; Due to full-time dictatorship and official corruption, the Kuomintang lost its popularity in the late period of the Anti-Japanese War. In the Kuomintang-ruled areas, the people's democratic movement, led by the student movement, also developed rapidly and became the second front to cooperate with the people's liberation war. * * * The producers' party won the hearts of the people, farmers volunteered to join the army, and farmers solved logistics problems.
2 How to understand the historical role of democratic parties, and how did the pattern of multi-party cooperation and political consultation led by China Producers Party come into being? (How to evaluate the third way)
A: First, the advocates of the middle line argue that in politics, Anglo-American democracy must be realized, but landlords, bureaucrats and capitalists are not allowed to manipulate it; Economically, improved capitalism should be implemented, but bureaucrats should not be tolerated to buy out capital; The way to achieve this is to take the road of peaceful improvement. What they advocate is the plan of the bourgeoisie and the state, and what they advocate is essentially the road of old democracy.
Second, the Kuomintang declared NLD an "illegal organization", explicitly banned all activities of the organization and its members, and shattered the last fantasy of any peaceful movement, legal movement and reform movement under Chiang Kai-shek's rule.
Third, during the period of 65438+ 1.948, Shen Junru, the leader of NLD, and others held the third plenary session of the first session of NLD in Hong Kong. At the same time, the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Nationalist Party was established, and publicly recognized the leading position of China's * * * production party.
Fourth, the formation of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of China's * * * production party.1949 65438+1On October 22nd, Li, Shen Junru and other party Democrats jointly published "Opinions on the Current Situation", earnestly expressing that "under the leadership of China * * *, we are willing to make contributions and carry them out".
summary
1 Why do you say that the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) has opened a new era in the history of China?
A: First, the history of imperialism forcing China to enslave the people of China ended, and the Chinese nation began to stand on its own feet among the world's democratic countries.
Second, the history of feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism is over, and the people of China have turned over and become masters.
Third, it fundamentally changed the direction of social development in China and created the prerequisite for the transition from new democracy to socialism.
Fourth, the history of warlordism, frequent wars and bandits is over, and the people can concentrate on economic and cultural construction.
Fifth, China's * * * production party has become the ruling party nationwide.
2 What historical achievements has New China made since its founding? What do these achievements show?
A: First, from striving for economic independence to building a modern country.
Second, from winning political independence to building a democratic society.
Thirdly, from developing new-democratic culture to building socialist culture with China characteristics.
Fourth, from breaking the blockade to opening to the outside world in all directions
Fifth, gradually realize national defense modernization from millet to rifle.
All these achievements show that only socialism can save China and develop China, and China Production Party is the core force leading China's revolutionary construction and reform.
Chapter VIII
1 general route and tasks during the transition period?
Answer: That is to gradually realize the socialist industrialization of the country and the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce in a fairly long period of time.
2. What are the lessons of capitalist industrial and commercial transformation?
A. Strictly distinguish between bureaucratic capital and national capital, implement the policy of peaceful redemption of national capital, and confiscate all bureaucratic capital. B. gradually transition from low to high. C. combine the transformation of enterprises with the transformation of people to make capitalists become self-reliant workers.
How to understand that the establishment of China's socialist system is the choice of history and people?
A: A: (1) The socialist state-owned economy is relatively strong and is the main foundation for realizing national industrialization. The socialist industrialization of a country is a necessary factor and condition for national independence and prosperity. (2) The capitalist economy is weak and difficult to develop, and cannot be the basis for China's industrial take-off. (3) Socialist transformation of individual agriculture is a necessary condition to ensure industrial development and realize national industrialization. (4) The international environment at that time also prompted China to choose socialism. In a word, this choice is very necessary and completely correct. Through this choice, China Productivity Party creatively completed the transition from new democracy to socialism, realized the greatest and most profound social change in the history of China, and began the historical journey of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation on the socialist road.