(1), .① In the 5th century, Europe entered the Middle Ages; (2) In the feudal society of Western Europe, manor was a self-sufficient economic unit; (3) In 800 AD, the Pope crowned Charles, and the Frankish Kingdom became Charlemagne Empire. Later, the empire was divided into three parts, which became the embryonic form of Germany, Italy and France today. (4)1054, Christianity split, forming Roman-centered Catholicism and Byzantine-centered Orthodox Church; ⑤ During Justinian's reign, the Byzantine Empire flourished, and the post-empire was destroyed by the Turks; ⑥ Constantinople was the political, economic and cultural center of the Byzantine Empire; ⑦ A unified Russian state was established with Moscow Principality as the core. Ivan IV carried out reforms and established a centralized and autocratic system.
(2) At the beginning of the Middle Ages, the western European society began the process of feudalism and finally formed a pyramid-shaped feudal hierarchy; ② After11century, western European cities began to recover and rise; ③ After11century, universities rose with the development of social economy and culture; ④ Western European culture in the Middle Ages has a strong Christian color; ⑤ The Complete Book of Justinian Civil Law is the first systematic and complete legal document in European history, which has a great influence on later legislation.
(3) The Crusade was a war of aggression that brought great disasters, but objectively promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West; ② Western European cities got rid of the control of feudal lords in their rise, which created conditions for the development of European civilization in the future.