How to describe the terrain features;
1. Terrain type (plain, mountain, hill, plateau, basin, etc. , with хх terrain as the main feature).
2. Terrain fluctuation (which side is higher and which side is lower, strike, steep slope, relative height difference, etc.). )
3. Distribution position of main terrain (region) (under various terrain conditions)
4. Features of coastline (straight line, twists and turns, multi-peninsula, islands, excellent seaports, etc.). )
5. Description of special landform features (karst landform, glacier landform, Ya Dan landform, river valley, flood plain, alluvial fan, delta, etc.). )
Factors affecting temperature:
1. Latitude (decisive factor): It affects solar height, day length, solar radiation and daily range, and it is lower in annual range (the temperature days in low latitudes and annual range are lower than those in high latitudes).
2. Topography (height, topography): shady slopes, sunny slopes, mountains, plains, river valleys and basins at different altitudes (for example, the topographic heat in river valley basins is not easy to dissipate, and the tall terrain blocks the winter wind, and the daily amplitude of mountain areas at the same latitude is worse than that in the plains, and the annual amplitude is smaller).
3. Location of land and sea: the annual variation range of temperature caused by ocean intensity.
4. Ocean current (warm current: warming and humidifying; Cold current: cooling and dehumidification)
5. Weather conditions (in cloudy and rainy places, the temperature changes daily, and the annual change range is smaller than that in cloudy and rainy places).
6. Underlying surface: ground reflectivity (high snow reflectivity and low temperature); The daily temperature and annual range of green land are less than that of bare land.
7. Human activities: heat island effect, greenhouse effect, etc
Factors affecting precipitation:
1. climate: atmospheric circulation (pressure zone, wind zone, monsoon)
2. Terrain: windward slope and leeward slope
3. Terrain (elevation): The precipitation reaches its maximum at a certain height.
4. Land and sea location (distance from the sea)
5. Ocean current (warm current: warming and humidifying; Cold current: cooling and dehumidification)
6. Underlying surface: lakes, rivers and vegetation cover.
7. Human activities; Changing the underlying surface will affect precipitation.
Describe the hydrological characteristics of rivers:
1. Flow: size, seasonal change and interruption (depending on precipitation characteristics, rainwater supply and river area).
2. Sediment concentration: It depends on the vegetation status of the basin.
3. Ice Age: Availability and Length.
4. Water level: high and low, change characteristics (depending on river recharge type, water conservancy project and lake water storage)
5. Water energy: It is related to topography (river drop and flow rate) and climate (precipitation, runoff and evaporation).
Describe the characteristics of river system:
1. Length
2. Flow direction
3. The size of the basin
4. Droplet size (water energy)
5. River straightness
6. How many tributaries are there
7. Arrangement shape of river tributaries (fan shape, tree shape)
Factors affecting solar radiation:
1. Latitude (determines the height of the sun at noon and the length of the day)
2. Altitude (high altitude, thin air, strong solar radiation)
3. Weather conditions (sunny day and sufficient solar radiation)
4. Air density
Factors affecting the height of snow line:
1. Precipitation (local climate characteristics; There is more precipitation on windward slope and lower snow line)
2. Temperature (the snow line on sunny slope is higher than that on shady slope; Temperature changes at different latitudes, isotherms at 0℃ above sea level)
Factors affecting the vertical band spectrum in mountainous areas;
1 latitude: The higher the latitude of the mountain, the simpler the band spectrum.
2. Altitude: The higher the altitude of the mountain, the more complex the band spectrum may be.
3. Heat (i.e. sunny slope and shady slope): affects the height of the same band spectrum.
Location factors affecting the city:
"natural factors"
1. Terrain (a. Flat terrain, fertile soil, convenient for farming, favorable for transportation, saving construction investment and concentrated population; B. tropical cities are distributed on the plateau; C. the mountain city is located in the valley and open lowlands)
2. Climate (warm in middle and low latitudes and humid in coastal areas)
3. Rivers (water supply and transportation functions)
4. Resource conditions
"socio-economic factors"
1. Traffic conditions
2. Political factors
3. Military factors
4. Religious factors
5. Scientific and technological factors
6. Tourism factors
Location factors in the formation of commercial centers and commercial outlets;
1. Convenient traffic conditions (establishment principle: optimal traffic)
2. Strong commodity production capacity and stable commodity sources.
3. Broad market or economic hinterland (establishment principle: market is optimal)
Principle of route selection for transportation lines:
"Natural aspects"
1. Terrain (a. Flat: fewer choices; B. Great fluctuation: if it is necessary to cut mountains, make holes and bridge, the project will be difficult; If you extend along the contour line, the mileage will be extended; C. Fast-flowing rivers: unfavorable to shipping)
2. Geology (a. Karst landform: prevention of collapse and leakage; B. Geological instability: reinforce the foundation and avoid faults)
3. Climate (a. Roads and railways: prevent rainstorm, flood, frozen soil and debris flow; B. water transport and aviation: against fog and strong winds)
4. Land (less arable land, especially fertile land)
"Socio-economic aspects"
1. population (as far as possible through residential areas, railway stations, docks, etc. , thus benefiting more people. & lt applies to: local highways >)
2. Mileage and operating time (try to build bridges and tunnels to shorten mileage to save operating time; Take proper care of important economic points along the way. & lt applies to: National Highway >)
3. Others (try to stay away from important cultural relics and pay attention to ecological environment protection)
The positive significance of traffic line construction;
1. The local traffic network has been improved, making traffic convenient and accessible.
2. Accelerate the circulation of materials and promote local economic development.
3. Politics: Consolidate national defense, maintain stability and promote regional prosperity.
Analysis of industrial location factors;
1. Geographical location
2. Resource factors: raw materials and fuel.
3. Agricultural factors
4. Traffic factors (including traffic convenience and accessibility of information network): it is convenient for the exchange of materials, personnel and information.
5. Market factors
6. Scientific and technological factors
7. Labor factor: labor price and quality.
8. Historical factors
9. Policy factors: national and regional policy support.
10. Military factors: national defense security needs
1 1. Personal factors: personal feelings.
Comprehensive economic improvement measures for industrial zones;
1. Adjust the industrial layout, develop emerging industries and tertiary industries, transform traditional industries, ensure the balanced development of all industries and promote the diversification of economic structure.
2. Develop all kinds of resources rationally according to local conditions.
3. Eliminate pollution and beautify the environment; Do a good job in regional planning and strengthen ecological construction
4. Develop transportation and improve the transportation network.
5. Develop science and technology, improve production level and prosper economy, society and geography.
Analysis of agricultural location factors;
"natural factors"
1. Land: topography and soil.
2. Climate: light, heat, precipitation, temperature difference between day and night.
3. Water source (irrigation water source)
"socio-economic factors"
1. Market:
2. Transportation:
3. National policies
4. Labor force
5. Science and technology: development of technologies such as preservation and refrigeration of agricultural products.
6. Industrial base
Location conditions of port construction:
"Natural conditions (determining the port location)"
1. Water condition: the harbor is wide and deep (the contour line is dense, which is beneficial to berthing and sheltering from the wind).
2. Port construction conditions: The plot is stable in geology, flat in terrain and suitable in slope (conducive to the arrangement of construction land and port equipment).
"Socio-economic conditions (affecting the rise and fall of ports)"
1. Conditions of economic hinterland: whether the economic hinterland is vast, the passenger and cargo flow, and the economic nature of the hinterland (whether the economic hinterland is vast affects the passenger and cargo flow; Passenger flow and cargo flow affect the rise and fall of ports; The nature of the hinterland economy determines the nature of the port)
2. Relying on the city (convenient transportation; Provide manpower, material resources and financial support for the port)
3. Policy conditions: building a free trade port in an open area.
Assess the shipping value of rivers;
"natural conditions"
1. Terrain: flat, flowing through the plain, with gentle water flow.
2. Climate: abundant and even precipitation, large river flow, small seasonal variation and short ice age.
3. River course: wide and straight, with deep water.
"socio-economic situation"
The river basin has a large population, developed economy, dense contact and large transportation volume.
Principles and measures of river management:
Governance principle ※
Upstream: flood regulation
Middle reaches: flood diversion and storage
Downstream: flood discharge and bundled water.
Governance measures ※
Upstream: build reservoirs and plant trees.
Middle reaches: construction of reservoirs and flood diversion and storage projects.
Downstream: reinforce dikes, dredge rivers and dig rivers.
Causes of river flood disasters;
"natural causes"
1. Characteristics of water system (a. Wide drainage basin with many tributaries; B. high sediment concentration; C. The plain river course is curved, with slow water flow and poor water flow. )
2. Hydrological characteristics (a) It flows through humid areas with abundant rainfall; B. the main stream has a long flood season and a large amount of water. )
3. Climate characteristics (abnormal climate in that year, heavy rain in the basin, causing floods. )
"Man-made reasons"
1. Vegetation damage (1) Excessive logging, serious vegetation damage, and increased soil erosion, resulting in a decline in the ability of water conservation, runoff regulation, peak shaving and dry replenishment in the basin; B. Sediments entering the river raise the riverbed and reduce the flood discharge capacity of the river. )
2. Reclaiming land around the lake (siltation causes the lake to shrink, and the ability of the lake to regulate and store flood peaks decreases. )
Cause analysis and solution of water shortage in a certain area;
cause
"natural causes"
1. Climate: little or insufficient precipitation, large evaporation and uneven seasonal distribution.
2. Rivers: Less surface runoff.
"Man-made reasons"
1. Large water consumption: dense population, developed industry and agriculture.
2. Unreasonable utilization: low utilization rate and serious pollution and waste.
Solution measures
1. Open source: transfer water across river basins, build reservoirs, desalinate seawater in coastal areas, and improve water supply capacity.
2. throttling: reduce water pollution, reduce waste, improve the utilization rate of industrial and agricultural water resources, limit the development of high-energy-consuming water industry, develop water-saving agriculture (such as sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation), formulate laws and regulations, raise people's awareness of water conservation, and implement water price adjustment.
Factors affecting dam site selection:
1. The dam site is located at the outlet of rivers, canyons, basins and depressions (bag-shaped areas are favorable for dam construction: small quantities, low cost and large storage capacity).
2. Choose places with good geological conditions and avoid karst landforms and faults.
3. Climatic and hydrological conditions: ensure sufficient water.
4. Consider whether it is necessary to emigrate to build reservoirs and relocate to minimize the flooding of residential areas.
The role of the reservoir:
1. Regulate climate and improve ecological environment
2. Conducive to the development of aquaculture.
3. Conducive to the development of tourism.
It has the function of flood control.
5. It has power generation value.
6. It has irrigation function.
7. Improve the transport value
Location conditions of salt field formation:
1. Climate: high temperature, less precipitation, strong wind and strong sunshine: favorable for evaporation.
2. Terrain: The beach is flat, the coast is muddy and the area is vast.
Location conditions for the formation of fishing grounds:
1. Terrain: vast continental shelf (direct sunlight, strong photosynthesis and rich bait).
2. Temperate sea area: the temperature changes greatly and the sea water overflows.
3. Estuary: Rivers bring rich nutrients.
4. Ocean current: (confluent current or upwelling) seawater overflows, bringing nutrients and rich bait to the seabed.
Location conditions and natural conditions of satellite launch base site selection "
1. Meteorological conditions: sunny weather is required.
Latitude: the linear velocity of the earth's rotation.
3. Terrain: flat and open.
"humanistic conditions"
1. population: the population density per unit area is low, and the land is vast and sparsely populated.
2. Transportation: Convenient transportation
3. Military: meeting the needs of national defense and security.
Tunnel site selection conditions:
Choose anticline (A. The anticline rocks arch upward, and the groundwater seeps to both sides, which is not easy to cause leakage; B anticline is dome-shaped structure, which is not easy to collapse. )
Location conditions of bus station location:
1. Road condition: the surrounding roads are wide.
2. Contact with traffic inside and outside the city
3. Engineering quantity
Location conditions of airport location:
"natural conditions"
1. Terrain: there is flat and open terrain with proper slope to ensure drainage;
2. Geology: Good geological conditions.
3. Climate: less fog.
"socio-economic situation"
1. Traffic conditions: convenient to the city.
2. Economy: Built in economically developed areas.
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