The picture shows Confucius II: Laozi, whose real name is Li Minger, whose name is Bo Yang, or Bo Yang, was born at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. The date of birth and death is unknown, and his birthplace is disputed. According to historical records, Laozi was born in Chen State. China was an ancient thinker, philosopher, writer, historian, founder and main representative of Taoist school, and was also called "Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi" with Zhuangzi. Later, he was revered as the ancestor by Taoism and called "the old gentleman on the throne". In the Tang Dynasty, he was regarded as the ancestor of Li. It is listed as a world cultural celebrity and one of the world's top 100 historical celebrities. Laozi served as a Tibetan shepherd in the Zhou Dynasty and was famous for his erudition. Once, Confucius went to see Zhou and asked him for a gift. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the world was in chaos, and Lao Tzu wanted to abandon his official position and retire, so he rode a green cow westward. When I arrived at Lingbao Hangu Pass, I was invited by Yin, the Commissioner of Customs, to write Tao Te Ching. Laozi's thought has a far-reaching influence on the development of China's philosophy, and its ideological core is simple dialectics. Politically, it advocates teaching by doing nothing and teaching without words. Politically, pay attention to the truth that extremes meet. In the aspect of self-cultivation, paying attention to the practice of modesty and sincerity without competing with others is the ancestor of Taoist double cultivation. Laozi's masterpiece Tao Te Ching is one of the most widely circulated works in the world.
The picture shows three portraits of Laozi: Mencius, Mencius, Zi Yuzi and Zou Guoren. Philosophers, thinkers, politicians and educators in the Warring States period are the representatives of Confucianism after Confucius and before Xunzi, and they are also called "Confucius and Mencius" with Confucius. Mencius advocated "benevolent government" and first put forward the idea that "the people are more important than the monarch", which was listed by Han Yu as a figure who inherited Confucius' "orthodoxy" in pre-Qin Confucianism and was named "Ya Sheng" in Yuan Dynasty. Mencius' speech works are included in the book Mencius. Among them, I want what I want, I get more help from the Tao, and I get less help from the Tao. I am also in China, born in sorrow and died in happiness, and I can't get rich and debauched.
The picture shows "Mencius" 4: Zhuangzi, Zhuangzi, whose real name is Zhou, Mongolian in the Song Dynasty during the Warring States Period [1]. Thinker, philosopher and writer in the mid-Warring States period, founder of Zhuangzi, representative of Taoism, and Lao Zi were also called "Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi". Zhuangzi should not be employed by Chu Weiwang because he stands for freedom. He only worked as a lacquer garden official in the Song Dynasty, and was known as the "proud lacquer garden official" in history, and was regarded as a model of local officials. His earliest thought of "sage inside and king outside" had a far-reaching influence on Confucianism. He has a profound insight into the principles of the Book of Changes, pointing out that the Book of Changes is based on yin and yang, and his "three tones" thought is consistent with the three talents in the Book of Changes. His literary imagination is rich and peculiar, his language is freely used, he is flexible and changeable, and he can write exquisite and unspeakable philosophies, which is called "literary philosophy, philosophical literature". His works are included in the book Zhuangzi, and his representative works include Free Travel, Theory of Everything, Master of Health, etc. [2] According to legend, Zhuangzi tried to live in seclusion in Nanhua Mountain and was buried there. Therefore, at the beginning of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty, he was named a South China real person, and the book Zhuangzi was also regarded as the South China True Classic.
The picture shows the fifth portrait of Zhuangzi: Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, a native of Huayin, Hongnong County. Sun Yang, the 14th Han Taiwei, was the founding emperor of Sui Dynasty, and he reigned from Kaiyuan to Renshou for four years. Small print, Xianbei surnamed Pu, returned to Yang after Emperor Wendi came to power. His father, Yang Zhong, was a military aristocrat in the Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties. When Emperor Wudi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty became a vassal, Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty inherited his father's title. When he succeeded to the throne in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was the pillar of the country and Fu was the foundation of the country. He looked forward to a prosperous future. In the first year of Dading in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was abdicated as emperor by Emperor Jingdi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and he became emperor again. After Emperor Wendi ascended the throne, he carried out a series of reforms in the political and economic systems. Amend the criminal law and system to adapt to China after the reunification of North and South. The central government implemented the system of three provinces and six departments, and the three-level system of local counties was changed to the two-level system of counties, which consolidated centralization. Reduce taxes many times, reduce the burden on the people, promote national agricultural production and stabilize economic development. In the ninth year of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the King of Jin was sent south to pacify Chen and unify the north and south. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty adopted the policy of military defense and political appeal to neighboring ethnic groups, which effectively handled ethnic contradictions and was honored as "Saint Khan" by northern ethnic minorities. During the reign of the emperor, the Sui Dynasty had a vast territory with a population of more than 7 million. Emperor Wen was in office for twenty-four years, determined to reform and made outstanding achievements. However, in the later period of his reign, he gradually became suspicious, killed heroes and listened to the words of the Queen Wen. He deposed Prince Yong Yang and made King Yang Guang of A Jin Prince, which laid the groundwork for national subjugation. Renshou lived for four years and died strangely in Renshou Palace. Sixty-four-year-old, temple name Gaozu, posthumous title Wendi, was buried in Tailing.
The picture shows Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty 6: Ying Zheng, the first Qin Emperor, won the surname Zhao, also known as Zulong, also known as Lv Zhengyi. Qin Zhuang Xiang Wang and Evonne's son. China was an outstanding politician, strategist and reformer in ancient times. He was a politician who realized the unification of China for the first time, and the first monarch in China who was called the emperor. Ying Zheng was born in Handan, the capital of Zhao, and returned to Qin. He succeeded to the throne in 247 years ago, when he was 13 years old. In the first 238 years, he put down the rebellion of Chang Xin Hou, then got rid of Lv Buwei, the powerful minister, and began to monopolize the affairs. Reuse Li Si and Wang Jian, from 230 years ago to 22 1 year ago, destroyed Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi successively, completed the great cause of unifying China and established a centralized and unified multi-ethnic country-Qin Dynasty. In 22 1 year BC, after the state of Qin unified the six countries, Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, thought that he was "a virtuous Huang San who made contributions to the five emperors", so he adopted the titles of "emperor" of Huang San and "emperor" of the five emperors, and was the first monarch to use the title of "emperor" in China history, so he called himself "the first emperor". At the same time, the central government implements three public officials and nine ministers to manage state affairs; Partially abolish the enfeoffment system and replace it with the county system; At the same time, the language of account books is consistent, cars are on the same track, and currency and weights and measures are unified. Attacking Xiongnu in the north, conquering Baiyue in the south, and building the Great Wall of Wan Li; Build a canal to connect the Yangtze River and the Pearl River system. However, in his later years, Qin Shihuang pursued immortality and dreamed of immortality. He abused the people, stifled their wisdom and shook the ruling foundation of the Qin Dynasty. Before 2 10, Qin Shihuang died in Xingtai sand dunes on his way eastward. Qin Shihuang laid the basic pattern of China's political system for more than 2,000 years, and was praised by Li Zhi, a thinker of the Ming Dynasty, as "an emperor through the ages".
The picture shows Qin Shihuang 7: Shang Yang Shang Yang, Ji surname, Gong Sun, Guo Wei and Yang Mingren. Politicians, reformers, thinkers and militarists in the Warring States period, [1] legalists, descendants of the country. Shang Yang assisted Qin Xiaogong and actively promoted political reform, making A Qin a rich and powerful country, which is known as Shang Yang's political reform in history. Politically, he reformed the household registration, rank, land system, administrative divisions, taxes, weights and measures and folk customs of Qin state, and formulated harsh laws; Economically, he advocated attaching importance to agriculture and restraining business, and rewarding farming. Militarily, he led Qin Jun to recover the land of Hexi, and was named "Shang Jun" by Qin Xiaogong, known as Shang Yang in history [2][3][4]. In 338 BC, after his death, Shang Yang was falsely accused of rebellion by childe Qian, and he was defeated and died in his younger brother.
Argument 8 of Shang Yang: Lisi Lisi was a Shangcai native of Chu at the end of the Warring States Period. [1][2] A famous politician, writer and calligrapher in the Qin Dynasty. As a county magistrate, I learn from Xun Qing. At the end of the Warring States period, he entered the State of Qin, and was first appointed as the Prime Minister of the State of Qin, Scheeren, and later as Lang. As a guest with a long history and prostration. When the king of Qin ruled for ten years, he wrote a letter to advise his guests not to be expelled, which was adopted by the king of Qin. He also planned for Qin and the six countries, suggesting that South Korea should be captured first, and then the vassal States should be eliminated one by one to complete the great cause of reunification. [2] Twenty-six years after Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, as Tingwei, he was ordered to discuss the title of "Emperor" with Prime Ministers Wang Wan and Feng Jie. Later, he became prime minister and toured with the first emperor many times. Oppose the idea of enfeoffment of children, advocate banning private schools, and abolish poems, books, historical records of the six countries and "hundreds of languages" I take "Biography" as the standard, organize the text, and take Cang Xie as the model essay. [2] After the death of the first emperor, Zhao Gao forced Fu Su to commit suicide and made Hu Hai emperor. After the peasant uprising broke out at the end of Qin dynasty, he suggested that II should be more legal, implement "the art of supervising responsibility" and strengthen monarchical power. After being falsely accused of rebellion by Zhao Gao, he was beheaded in Xianyang City and killed three families. At the end of the Warring States Period, Li Si was born in Shangcai, Runan. Its font size has not been seen in Historical Records, Hanshu and other documents, but Wu called it "the word is connected with the ancient" in Xue Ji Bian and other books in Yuan Dynasty, and its reliability [4][5] is doubtful. Reese was a clerk in charge of documents when he was young. In the Warring States period when everyone was vying for fame and gain, Reese also wanted to make a career. In order to achieve the purpose of the apprentice, Reese resigned from his position as a small official and went to Qi to study and become a teacher. [7] Xunzi's thought is very close to that of Legalists, and it is also to study how to govern the country, the so-called "imperial art". After Li Si finished his studies, he decided to go to Qin after analyzing and comparing the situation in different countries.
The picture shows Qin Shihuang and Li Sicai Cai Lunlun, whose name is Zhong Jing, from Guiyang County in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the last years of Han Yongping, he entered the palace as a minister. In the second year of Zhanghe, Cai Lun was promoted to be a regular servant because of his meritorious service to the Queen Mother, and Cai Lun also held the official position on the side [3]. Cai Lun summed up people's papermaking experience in the past, innovated papermaking technology and improved papermaking technology, and finally made "Cai Hou Paper" [3][4]. In the first year of Yuanxing, it was reported to the court [3], and Emperor Han and Emperor ordered the popularization of his papermaking method [5]. In the first year of Jianguang, he committed suicide because of a power struggle [6]. Cai Lun's improved papermaking [7] is listed as the "four great inventions" in ancient China [5], which has made outstanding contributions to the spread of human culture and the progress of world civilization and has been respected by people for thousands of years [8]. It is regarded as the originator and "paper god" by paper workers [5]. In Mack hart's list of 100 celebrities who influenced the course of human history, Cai Lun ranked seventh [9]. Cai Lun was listed as "the best inventor of all time" by Time magazine [10]. The opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games showed Cai Lun's improved papermaking [7].
The picture shows Liu Che, the emperor of Cai Lun 10. In the story of Hanwu [1], his original name was Kun, the seventh emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, an outstanding politician and writer. The son of Liu Qi, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, whose mother is the king and queen. At first, Liu Che was named King of Jiaodong. At the age of seven, he was made Crown Prince. At the age of sixteen, he succeeded to the throne. During his tenure, in order to strengthen centralization, he promulgated the favor decree, formulated the left official law and the supplementary interest law, and strictly prohibited governors from participating in politics. Recruit talents in an eclectic way and promote talented people to be waiters of consultants. The power of the prime minister was reduced, and the political system of the internal and external dynasties was formed by relying on close friends and trusted ministers to participate in decision-making. In order to strengthen the control of the county, thirteen state secretariat departments were established. In order to solve the financial difficulties, the monetary system was reformed, counties and States were forbidden to cast money, and the system of salt and iron official operation and even loss was implemented. Issue liquidation and condemnation orders and impose heavy taxes on businessmen. Establish a formal inspection system, so that counties and counties can raise filial piety, scholar, virtue and righteousness. Implement the cultural policy of respecting Confucianism, set up a doctor of Five Classics, and build a imperial academy in Chang 'an, the capital, so that all counties and States have academic officers. Because of superstitious belief in immortals, and keen to retreat and worship the suburbs, I have traveled many places and spent a lot of money. Since the second year of Yuanshuo, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing have been sent to attack the Huns for many times, forcing them to migrate to Mobei. Zhang Qian was ordered to go to the Western Regions to communicate with all ethnic groups in the Western Regions. It also conquered Fujian and Vietnam, Dong 'ou, South Vietnam and Weishi Korea, managed Southwest Yi and set up counties there. [2][3] In his later years in power, Liu Che suffered repeated wars and defeats, and social contradictions became increasingly acute. There are two million refugees in Kanto, and peasant uprisings are frequent. There was a "witch disaster" in the imperial court, which led to easy suicide. In the fourth year, Zheng He rejected Sang Hongyang's suggestion of raising people and farming. Two years later, Liu Che died at the age of 70. On his deathbed, he made his youngest son Liu Fuling a prince. [2][4] Emperor Xiaowu, the temple number Sejong, was buried in Maoling.
The picture shows the portrait of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. The 5,000-year-old Chinese civilization deserves our understanding and study, so as to better continue and develop Chinese civilization. There are still many people who have far-reaching influence on China's civilization and history. I won't list them one by one. Thank you for watching.