In ancient China, when the word "containing light" was used together, it meant "containing magnificence", such as the color of China containing light. Therefore, we can now understand the "light of tolerance" as tolerance, generosity and compatibility.
Speaking of the door with lights, it is a door west of the south wall of Chang 'an Imperial City in Sui and Tang Dynasties. After the reconstruction of Chang 'an in the late Tang Dynasty, it was also used from the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, the gate containing light was sealed on the city wall. In the 1980s, with the excavation of the site containing light in the Tang Dynasty, the gate containing light returned to people's field of vision.
So what exactly does the word "containing light" mean? According to the research of the staff of Guangmen Site Museum in Antang Dynasty, the word "Han" means tolerance and forbearance in ancient Chinese. "Light" means bright, broad and profound. In ancient China, when the word "containing light" was used together, it meant "containing brightness", such as China color containing light. Therefore, we can now understand the "light of tolerance" as tolerance, generosity and compatibility.
Don Juan's Gate of Ritual Governance
Tracing back to the history of Guangmen, it has a history of 1400 years. In 582 AD, in the second year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty, a city of 84 square kilometers broke ground through the careful design of two designers, Yuwen Kai and He Louzigan. As a side of the imperial city of Daxing City, Hanguang Gate was also built in this period.
Judging from the site of Guangmen in the Tang Dynasty preserved in the Museum of Guangmen Site in Xi 'an, the rammed earth is more than 8 meters, which means that the Guangmen portal in the Sui and Tang Dynasties is at least 8 meters high. The dimensions of the three doorways are clear. The width of the east-west entrance is 5.3 meters, the width of the middle entrance is 5.5 meters, including the depth of the light door 19.6 meters. Archaeological findings prove that there are bricks on both sides of the glass door, doorways on the lintel and gatehouses on the door. The staff of the Hanguangmen Ruins Museum said: "The gatehouse building in the Tang Dynasty was very large, much larger than the Arched Tower on the Xi 'an city wall now. "
There is also a "horse path" where you can climb the gatehouse, on the west side of the gate, near the city wall. Through archaeological excavations, the researchers also uncovered the past "walking" history of Hanguangmen. As the gateway of dignitaries, the middle doorway has low utilization rate, so it is hardly maintained, and basically retains the materials and shapes of the doors built in the early Tang Dynasty, with exquisite atmosphere; The east-west road has been repaired many times, and the rough brick shape at the end of Tang Dynasty has been basically preserved. Every brick at the door is painted with white plaster. The rut at the door is still there. The stone threshold in the middle of each doorway still exists. The doorways, lintels and columns of the gatehouse are well preserved.
As an important gate on the south wall of Chang 'an Imperial City in Sui and Tang Dynasties, Hanguangmen connected the outer Guo Cheng and the government work area at that time. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, many emperors, civil and military officials and foreign envoys passed through here.
In the Tang Dynasty, Hanguangmen was a well-known place. There is a light-containing gate connected to the light-containing gate street, leading north to Miyagi where the emperor is located. At the northeast corner of Hanguangmen, that is, to the east of Hanguangmen Street, there are crack hon temple and crack hon temple. Crack Temple was the institution in charge of foreign affairs and ethnic affairs at that time, and crack Temple was equivalent to Diaoyutai State Guesthouse today. All foreign affairs reception activities in the Tang Dynasty must pass through Hanguangmen Street. Imagine that the open and inclusive Tang Dynasty often welcomed envoys from all over the world with different skin colors and languages, and named the only way for them to enter the imperial city "Guangmen", which reflected the inclusiveness of the Tang Dynasty.
The Tang Dynasty enjoyed a high reputation in the world because of its prosperous economy and national strength. At that time, there were more than 70 countries that had contacts and made good friends with the Tang Dynasty, mainly North Korea and Japan. Tianzhu in Southeast Asia (including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh), Nepal, Lion Country (Sri Lanka), etc. Central Asia, West Asia, Europe and Africa, such as Persia (Iran), Italy (Arabia) and Buddhism (East Rome). In Tang Dezong, a foreign envoy entered the Tang Dynasty and could not return. More than 4000 people live next to crack hon temple, which is responsible for food and support. The emperor also approved the establishment of "Qin Temple" (mosque) to facilitate their worship.
Envoys, businessmen, nobles, scholars, artists and monks from these countries often entered the Tang Dynasty for trade and visits. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Guangmen also faced Xi Shi across the street. At that time, officials and silk merchants from various countries entered the western market through wide doors, and then went west to Central Asia and West Asia. It can be said that Guangzhou Gate is an important node of Chang 'an Silk Road.
Northwest of Guangmen in Sui and Tang Dynasties was the social altar of Chang 'an in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The state, also known as the Great Society and the Tai Society, is an altar for emperors to worship the land gods and the valley gods, and is a symbol and synonym of the dynasty regime.
The Best Ruins of Chang 'an Gate in Sui and Tang Dynasties Seen So far
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, there were many buffer towns, filled with smoke, and Chang 'an was almost reduced to ashes in successive years of war. God bless Tang Zhaozong's first year (904), Chang 'an was devastated and lost its status as the capital. Han Jian, who was stationed here, abandoned the dilapidated outer Guo Cheng and Miyagi, and rebuilt the Imperial City, which was called "New Town" in history as a fortress to defend Chang 'an.
During the Five Dynasties, five gates were opened around Chang 'an New City, including one in the east, one in the west and one in the north, and two in the south, namely the East Gate and the Guangmen Gate in the west. In the Song Dynasty, the west and middle doorways with lighted doors were closed, leaving only Dongmen Road as an aisle. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the city wall was rebuilt, and the light-containing door was wrapped in the city wall and disappeared for more than 700 years. From then on, until the Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China and even after liberation, Guangmen was completely wrapped by the walls of Xi 'an. This is why the Hanguangmen site is the most complete site of Chang 'an in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Before 1950s, an old city wall in the western upper part of Hanguangmen site collapsed, forming a gap and becoming a passage for citizens to travel. After 1950s, Xi 'an built an asphalt road, which became a north-south passage into and out of the city. The partition wall between Zhongmen Road and Ximen Road and the piers at both ends of the site were destroyed again, but the bottom of the site was still preserved.
1March, 986, in the archaeological excavation of Guangmen, the original rammed earth platform containing Guangmen thousands of years ago reappeared in people's sight. Although it is not the central gate in the south of the imperial city of Sui and Tang Dynasties, it is the only city gate that has been excavated and preserved.
At the end of 2003, under the auspices of the Xi municipal government and the cultural relics department, the Cheng Tang Archaeological Team of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences cleaned up the Hanguangmen site and found a water culvert site in the Sui and Tang Dynasties at the bottom of the city wall. At the same time, an archaeological investigation was carried out on the wall section containing the Guangmen site. At the end of 2006, on the basis of Hanguangmen site, city wall section and water culvert, the Hanguangmen site museum of Xi 'an-Tang Imperial City Wall was opened.
This section of the city wall shows the history of 1400 years.
Today, we are fortunate to witness the grandeur of the site of Hanguangmen in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Arriving at the Hanguangmen Ruins Museum on the wall of Xi 'an Antang Imperial City, a rectangular gate ruins with a width of 19.6 meters, a length of 37.4 meters and a height of 8.2 meters came into view. This is the site of the Hanguang Gate Tower in the Tang Dynasty. The reporter saw that in the site, cultural relics protection workers set up steel frames around the rammed earth platform, and several workers in white coats were carefully protecting the surface of the rammed earth platform. The staff of the museum told reporters that the protection of earthen sites is a worldwide problem. The museum cooperates with Shaanxi Normal University, Northwest University, machinery industry survey and design institute and other academic institutions to conduct comprehensive research on site protection. At present, it has achieved remarkable results for the world.
The part of the city wall displayed in the West Pavilion is amazing. This well-preserved section of the city wall is the richest section in the whole Xi 'an city wall. It was built during the reign of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty. The history of 1400 years has been fully displayed on the "wall section". Among them, the middle part of the bottom of the wall section was built in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the upper right narrow part was renovated in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. On this "fault", we can also see that from Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties to modern times, every dynasty left its mark.
The underground palace in the west of the West Hall shows the water culvert of Chang 'an Imperial City in Sui and Tang Dynasties. This culvert was built in 58 1 ~ 582, and the advanced brick structure was adopted at that time, which ensured that the heavy wall pressure and vibration during tamping would not damage the culvert.
Before all ground works begin, the urban underground pipeline system must be completed first, including the water conveyance culvert in the west of Guangmen Site. The staff of Guangmen Ruins Museum on the wall of Emperor Antang in Xi said that unlike Seoul, Seoul built palaces first, and then built a water pipeline system. However, in the construction of Daxing City in Sui Dynasty, it is very scientific to build underground water conservancy system first because it is planned first and then built.
The person in charge of the museum told the reporter that in order to protect the Guangmen site, the staff here and experts and scholars from all sides have worked hard for three years. Now, the protection of Guangmen site has been integrated into the disciplines of materials science, surveying, electronic monitoring, environmental science, computer science, biology and so on, which is the comprehensive result of the cooperation of various scientific and technological forces.
Chang 'an City in Sui and Tang Dynasties is a miracle in the history of oriental civilization, but few Guangmen sites have been preserved so far that we can still feel the grand momentum of Chang 'an City in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and it is the only well-preserved site. It is the witness and treasure of our Chinese civilization, and it is our modern historical responsibility to protect it.