Jiuding, according to legend, after the establishment of the Xia Dynasty, Dayu symbolized Kyushu with Jiuding, the tribute of nine herdsmen in the world. The Shang dynasty had strict regulations on ding, which showed the status of the royal nobility: scholars used one or three ding, and medical five ding. The crown prince and the emperor of the royal family could use Jiuding as a gift when offering sacrifices to the ancestors of heaven and earth. Therefore,' Ding' naturally became a symbol of state power, and then became a national treasure. According to legend, in the second year after the Qin Dynasty was destroyed, Jiuding of the Zhou royal family moved to Xianyang. But when Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries and unified the world, Jiuding had disappeared. Some people say that Jiuding sank in Pengcheng, Surabaya, and Qin Shihuang went to Pengcheng, Surabaya, and sent people to dive and salvage, but the result was in vain.
origin
The bronze casting industry in Xia Dynasty was quite developed. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, which has a low melting point and is convenient for casting and smelting. Copper smelting in Xia Dynasty. It is also recorded in ancient literature. "Yuejueshu" Volume 11: "When you are in the cave, use copper as a soldier." Regarding the casting of Jiuding, Mozi Gengzhu said: "In the past, Xia Hou opened (opened) famous mountains and rivers, while Tao Zhu was in Kunwu, ... and moved to the Three Kingdoms." The Three Kingdoms refer to Xia, Shang and Zhou. "Zuo Zhuan" declared in three years: "Jie has lost his virtue and Ding moved to business." That is to say. Archaeological data show that when slaves cast large-scale devices similar to Jiuding, they usually make models with fine mud, then use charcoal as fuel to melt copper and tin ore blocks in a copper crucible, and finally inject copper and tin solution into the models to become bronzes. However, in Zuo Zhuan, the situation of Jiuding casting is like this: in the early summer, Dayu designated the world as Kyushu, and the state set up a state animal husbandry. After Xia Qi, Kyushu pastoral contributed bronze and cast Jiuding. In advance, people were sent to paint the famous mountains, rivers, places of interest and wonders in various states of the country into picture books, and then selected famous craftsmen were sent to imitate these paintings on Jiuding, symbolizing that a state has a tripod. The carved figures also reflect the mountains and rivers of the state. Jiuding symbolizes Kyushu, which embodies the unity of the whole country and the high concentration of kingship, indicating that Wang Xia has become the master of the world and complied with the "destiny". As the saying goes: "All over the world, is it the land of kings, the land of leaders, or the minister of kings?" Since then, Kyushu has become synonymous with China, "Dingding" and the establishment of state power.
change
After Shang Tang expelled Xia Jie, he moved the capital to Jiuding. Pan Geng has its capital in Yin, and Jiuding moved here. After Zhou Wuwang destroyed the company, he publicly displayed Jiuding. After Zhou Chengwang acceded to the throne, Zhou Gongdan built Luoyi, moved Jiuding to the city, and invited Cheng Wang to personally preside over the ceremony and put Jiuding in the ancestral temple. (Mozi Geng note: lost, Yin people suffer; Yin people are defeated, and Zhou people are bitter. Yin and Zhou also accepted each other. After the early years of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty declined, and the princes began to covet the royal power. When Zhou was appointed, he won the title for the first time, which was rejected by Wang. King Chu Ling once wanted to win the championship, but failed because of domestic rebellion. During the reign of King Hui of Qin, Zhang Yi made a strategy, hoping to win Jiuding to command the princes. King Xiang of Chu and King Qi also hope to compete for Baoding. Zhou Nanwang wandered between the two countries and Wei and South Korea, so that they restricted each other and maintained their position.
Loss and recasting
Sima Qian's description of Jiuding in Historical Records is inconsistent. For example, during the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, it is said that in the fifty-second year of Qin Dynasty (255 BC), Zhou Nanwang died and Qin plundered Jiuding Qin from Luoyi. However, the Zen Sutra said: "Zhou De declined, Song Society died, Ding lost, but disappeared." According to the latter analysis, Jiuding disappeared before the Qin Dynasty destroyed the Zhou Dynasty, that is, when the society of the Song Dynasty perished. Then, the former said that in the fifty-second year of King Qin Wei, Qin plundered Jiuding from Luoyi to Qin. Is it very contradictory and confusing? After Sima Qian, Ban Gu, a famous historian in the Eastern Han Dynasty, took a compromise approach to Jiuding's whereabouts in his book Hanshu, which included both the above two theories of Sima Qian. At the same time, he added a piece of historical data, saying that Jiuding sank under Surabaya in Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu) in 327 BC. Later, Qin Shihuang made a southern tour and sent thousands of people to swim for salvage. After all, the river was so rough that it could not be found at all, so we had to return in vain. In the Qing dynasty, Jiuding's whereabouts were even harder to find. Historians of later generations can only speculate at will. Wang Xianqian believed that the royal family of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was unable to protect itself in the process of decline. However, during the Warring States period, powerful vassal states were eyeing up and trying to unify China, and it was replaced by Zhou. As a result, Jiuding, a symbol of kingship and "the return of destiny", naturally became a rare national treasure that every vassal must seize; In addition, at this time, the Zhou royal family had financial difficulties and could not make ends meet, so Jiuding was destroyed and minted copper coins, but it is said that Jiuding has disappeared. It is even said that one of them has gone east and sank into Surabaya, so as not to let the vassal States compete for the crown and ask for trouble. Although Wang Guangqian's statement seems reasonable, he can't cite any historical data to prove it. Therefore, this is incredible. Later emperors recast Jiuding many times, with Wu Zetian and Song Huizong recasting twice in three years as the most famous.