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The Second Opium War in History
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The Second Opium War was a war of aggression against China jointly launched by Britain and France with the support of Russia and the United States. Britain and France used the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in China to jointly attack the Qing government's war under the pretext of Yarrow Incident and Ma Fu Incident, so they were called "Arrow War" by the British. Also known as "British and French Expedition to China" or "Second Sino-British War".

Because this war can be regarded as the continuation of the first opium war, it is also called the "second opium war". After Russia sent troops to participate in the war, it claimed that "mediation was successful" and coerced the Qing government to cede more than 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers of territory, becoming the biggest winner.

The Second Opium War forced the Qing government to successively sign the Tianjin Treaty, the Beijing Treaty, the Sino-Russian Aihui Treaty and other peace treaties, and the invasion of foreign powers deepened. As a result, China lost 1.5 million square kilometers in the northeast and northwest. After the war, the Qing government was able to concentrate on suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and maintaining its rule. Qing history is called tongzhi zhongxing.