During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, many reforms took place, such as Guan Zhong reform in Qi, Li Kui reform in Wei, Wuqi reform in Chu and Shang Yang reform in Qin.
There were no typical reforms in the Qin and Han dynasties, such as the reform of the official selection system (imperial examination) and the change of the state mechanism (three provinces and six departments).
There were reforms by Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi in the Song Dynasty, but they all failed (mainly because the measures in the reform were basically abolished later).
Generally speaking, Zhang's reform was successful during his lifetime, but it was basically not implemented after his death.
There are also some political reforms, such as Huang Daopo's improvement of cotton textile technology.
China's modern Westernization Movement, the Reform Movement of 1898, failed.
The three major transformations, reform and opening up, were all successful.
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