I. international workers' movement
This topic includes the early workers' movement, the birth of scientific materialism, the birth of the First International and the Paris Commune, Leninism, the October Revolution and the socialist construction of the Soviet Union, the development of socialist forces and the reform of socialist countries after World War II, the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
1. The rising period of the socialist movement (1mid-9th century)
Workshop handicraft period. The workers' movement in the modern sense has not yet formed.
The industrial revolution created the proletariat, and the workers' movement and the socialist movement came into being. In 1930s and 1940s, three major workers' movements broke out in Europe, which marked that European workers independently entered the political arena.
(2) Marx and Engels founded Marxism to meet the needs of the development of the times and the struggle of the proletariat, and since then, they have started the international * * * movement based on science. 1848 during the revolution, the working class took an active part in the struggle. After the failure of the struggle, the European workers' movement entered a low tide, rose again in the 1960s, began to move from decentralized struggle to international union and unification, and established the first international. The Paris Commune Revolution broke out in 187 1. This is the first great attempt of the proletariat to establish political power. Britain and France have successively become the centers of the movement.
③ The workers' movement in this period was mainly spontaneous. Most of the workers' movements took place under the background of bourgeois revolution or reform, and were characterized by violence and political struggle. The working class mainly participated in the anti-feudal struggle as a bourgeois alliance, which is basically consistent with the struggle purpose of the mainstream of capitalist history. Apart from the struggle between the First International and the Paris Commune, the political demands of the working class basically belong to the category of bourgeois revolution. During this period, the center of the workers' movement gradually shifted from Britain to France.
2. The period of in-depth development of the socialist movement (19, 1970s to early 20th century)
With the formation of the capitalist world system and the emergence of monopoly capitalism, the internal contradictions of capitalism are increasingly exposed, Marxism is widely spread, the international workers' movement rises, the Second International is established, and the socialist movement develops in depth.
(2) Its characteristics: First, working-class political parties have been widely established, and organized struggles have increased. Second, legal struggle has become the main form, violent armed uprisings have decreased, and opportunism has proliferated in the second international arena. Third, there are more economic struggles than political struggles, and strikes mostly revolve around economic demands. Fourth, in Russia, where feudal autocracy had a great influence, the workers' movement rose and Leninism was born. During this period, with the political changes in France, Germany and Russia, the center of the movement shifted from France to Germany, and then gradually to Russia.
3. The period of socialist system from theory to practice (from the early 20th century to the Second World War)
Bolsheviks led three revolutionary movements in Russia, led by Lenin. After the victory of the October Revolution, the first socialist country was established, and then the proletarian regime was consolidated and economic policies were adjusted. A series of important achievements have been made, socialist industrialization and agricultural collectivization have been realized, but a highly centralized political and economic system has also been formed.
(2) During this period, under the influence of the October Revolution and the First World War, vigorous revolutionary movements broke out in western countries. Germany and Hungary successively established bourgeois regimes, and the colonial and semi-colonial proletariat stepped onto the political stage. The extensive establishment of production parties in various countries and the establishment of the Third International have played an important role in organizing revolutionary political parties and the anti-fascist struggle.
This is the stage of the socialist system from theory to practice, and it is also a new period when capitalism begins to transition to the socialist system. The Soviet Union has become the center of international movement.
4. The period of great development and differentiation of socialism (from World War II to 1970s)
(1) After World War II, a series of socialist countries were established in Europe and Asia, forming a state of confrontation between the Eastern bloc headed by the Soviet Union and the capitalist camp headed by the United States. Personality cult prevailed in the Soviet Union, which had a wide impact on the political and economic system.
(2) In the 1960s, Soviet hegemonism was increasingly strengthened and the Eastern bloc split. In order to get rid of the influence of the Soviet model, various socialist countries have carried out a series of reforms, but the results have been minimal.
5. When the socialist system suffered setbacks, China began to build Socialism with Chinese characteristics (1980s to present).
(1) At the end of 1980s, the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries underwent drastic changes, and the contemporary socialist movement suffered major setbacks, which led to the transformation from the socialist system to the capitalist system.
(2) China got rid of the influence of the Cultural Revolution, broke through the shackles of the Soviet centralized mode, and began to explore a mode suited to its national conditions, and embarked on the road of reform, opening up and developing the socialist market economy.
Second, the national liberation movement
It refers to the history of colonial and semi-colonial people's struggle for national independence and national liberation. It mainly includes the North American War of Independence, the Latin American Revolution, the Asian Revolutionary Storm, the Asian-African-Latin American National Democratic Movement at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, the Asian-African National Liberation Movement after World War I, the anti-fascist struggle of the Asian-African people in the 1930s, the Asian-African National Independence Movement at the beginning of World War II and the Asian-African-Latin American National Liberation Movement in the 1960s and 1990s. The national liberation movement runs through the modern history of the whole world and is one of its main clues.
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International workers' movement and national liberation movement
The national liberation movement experienced a tortuous process of struggle, failure, re-struggle and final victory. First, the independence movement of a country and a region, and then the wave of independence in Asia, Africa and Latin America. It was not until the 1990s that colonialism was completely buried and became an independent political force, active in the international political arena.
1. Latin America-centered period (17th century-1early 9th century)
(1)1Before the middle of the 8th century, the national liberation movement was scattered and single, mainly a series of anti-aggression and anti-colonial struggles carried out by colonial and semi-colonial countries to safeguard their own interests, not a national liberation movement in the modern sense.
② From the late18th century to the early19th century, with the development of the industrial revolution and the strengthening of colonial plunder, the national independence movement in the modern sense began to appear, with its center in North America and Latin America, especially the American War of Independence and the Latin American Revolution. These revolutions interacted with the bourgeois revolutions in Europe and America, which were part of the bourgeois world revolution and basically achieved independence.
2. The stage represented by the Asian revolutionary storm (1mid-9th century)
With the completion of the industrial revolution, western capitalism stepped up its aggression against colonies and semi-colonies, and the capitalist world system was initially formed. The invasion of the colony by the suzerain country was mainly carried out by local feudalists under the guise of Hands.
(2) At this time, the main object of struggle is to oppose colonialism and feudalism. The movement is still an old-school national resistance movement, with strong religious color and lack of new goals and programs. Most leaders are peasant leaders or feudal princes.
(3) At the same time, a series of national movements broke out in Southeast Europe, and the unification of Germany and Italy also included the elements of national unity. This series of movements became an important part of the nationalist movement at that time and one of the three progressive thoughts.
3. The rise of national movements in Asia, Africa and Latin America (65438+ from the end of 09 to the beginning of the 20th century)
(1) With the formation of monopoly capitalism, imperialism completed the division of the world, and the world colonial system was finally formed. The form of colonial aggression is mainly capital export. Colonies and semi-colonies produced the national bourgeoisie, and a new upsurge of the national democratic movement appeared in Asia and Africa.
② The nature of its movement evolved from the old-style national movement to the bourgeois national democratic revolution, and the bourgeoisie and bourgeois aristocrats held the leadership. The fundamental factor to realize this transformation is the emergence and development of new economic components (national capitalist economy) and class components (national bourgeoisie). Africa is mainly a national war against imperialism.
4. National liberation movement in the era of proletarian revolution (after World War I to the 1920s)
Under the influence of World War I and the October socialist revolution, a series of liberation movements broke out in Asia and Africa. At this time, many countries established proletarian political parties, and the proletariat and the bourgeoisie either United or competed, leading the national liberation movement and becoming part of the proletarian world revolution. Here, the greatest achievement is the Kemal Revolution in Turkey. In nature, it still belongs to the bourgeois democratic revolution.
5. National liberation movement with anti-fascism as the main content (from 1930s to World War II)
After 1930s, fascist aggression became the main problem in the world at that time, and the national liberation movement appeared in the form of anti-fascist aggression and became an important part of the world anti-fascist war. At the same time, due to the isolation policy of the great powers, the anti-fascist forces were isolated and temporarily frustrated.
6. The national liberation movement has won (since the Second World War)
(1) The national liberation movement continued to rise after the Second World War and experienced three stages:
In the first stage (1945 to the early 1950s), national liberation movements in Asia and North Africa rose and won, and a series of countries became independent.
In the second stage (from the mid-1950s to the end of 1960s), the national liberation movement spread widely in Africa and Latin America, and the third world rose and became one of the important forces in the international political arena.
In the third stage (from the early 1970s to the present), the national liberation movement developed in depth, the world colonial system collapsed, the situation of uniting against imperialism, colonialism and hegemony emerged, and the struggle to establish a new international economic order began.
(2) After World War II, the national liberation movement showed the following characteristics: A. It lasted for half a century, with a wide range and sustained and in-depth development. B. great results. All Asian and African colonies and semi-colonies gained independence, the imperialist colonial system completely collapsed, and the rise of the Third World effectively impacted the bipolar pattern. C. Some countries embarked on the socialist road after independence, which reflected the further convergence of the national liberation movement and the socialist movement. Most countries have won by peaceful means.
[Discrimination of Key Issues]
1. Correctly treat the tortuous development of socialist countries and socialist movements.
The tortuous development of socialist countries and socialist movements is one of the important events in the modern history of the world, which should be understood from the following aspects:
First, judging from the development of human history, socialism is still in the primary stage of development.
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International workers' movement and national liberation movement
Second, most of the original socialist countries embarked on the socialist road when the productive forces were not developed enough and the foundation of economic modernization and political democratization was weak.
Third, the socialist revolution is more thorough than any revolution in human history, and socialism needs a certain historical process to mature.
Fourth, the hostility, encirclement and suppression, containment and subversion of capitalist forces in many aspects will inevitably have a serious impact on socialist countries and movements.
Fifth, the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Europe only show that the Soviet model was frustrated, not the failure of the whole socialism, and China explored the right path.
Sixth, socialism needs constant exploration and improvement.
[Example 1] Based on the historical facts since World War II, this paper comments on the development course, causes and results of the international capitalist movement, and talks about my own understanding.
Reference answer:
Comments include:
┌———————————┬——————————┐
│ Development course │ Development reasons │
├———————————┼——————————┤
│ Difficult development, one country's expansion │ (1) World War II anti-fascist war │.
│ In Eastern Europe and Asia, it became a victory and the people's strength grew.
(B) the weakening of imperialist power
Camp │ │ │
(3) the role of the Soviet Union
├———————————┼——————————┤
Mid-term reform, after the twentieth national congress, the influence of the twentieth national congress.
The Soviet Union and other countries began to reform the old one. (2) It is increasingly exposed in the construction of various countries.
The socialist construction mode and the disadvantages of the old system
├———————————┼——————————┤
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Soviet Union dominated the system.
Opera reform, disintegration of the Soviet Union, social rights policy, Gorbachev
Mistakes in husband's reform
The setbacks of the socialist movement
(2) the "peaceful evolution" of the West
└———————————┴——————————┘
Understanding: ① The development of the socialist movement is by no means smooth sailing. ② To build socialism, we should proceed from reality and combine Marxism with the reality in China.
[Example 2] What are the main forms for Asian countries to gain national independence in the early days after World War II? What is the significance of these countries' independence?
Reference answer:
Mode; (1) defeated the colonists under the leadership of the proletariat and embarked on the socialist road. Such as Mongolia, North Korea, Viet Nam and China are all of this type. (2) Under the leadership of the bourgeoisie, it defeated the colonists and achieved national independence. For example, Indonesia established a republic after the August Revolution, then defeated the Dutch colonial war twice, and finally gained national independence. The colonists adjusted their colonial policies. For example, after World War II, Britain was forced to change its colonial policy, announced the "mountbatten Plan", and India and Pakistan gained independence. (4) Resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly. After World War II, the United Nations adopted a resolution to "divide" the Palestinian region and establish a Jewish state and an Arab state. 1948 When Israel was founded, Britain declared the end of the "Mandate".
Significance: ① China, Mongolia and other countries embarked on the socialist road, became an important part of the Oriental Group, and strengthened the socialist forces. The independence of Asian countries has impacted the imperialist colonial system and promoted the development of the national liberation movement in the world.
2. How to understand the relationship between the national liberation movement, the international production movement and the evolution of the international pattern after World War II?
(1) From World War II to the mid-1950s: After World War II, national liberation movements surged, and colonial and semi-colonial countries in Asia and Africa became independent one after another, which seriously weakened imperialist rule. At the same time, many countries embarked on the socialist road and formed the Eastern Group. By 1955, the confrontation between the two camps of capitalism and socialism marked the final establishment of the Yalta system characterized by the bipolar pattern of the United States and the Soviet Union after the war.
② From the late 1950s to the early 1960s to the 1980s: In the early 1960s, Sino-Soviet relations deteriorated and the Eastern Group split and disintegrated. The national liberation movement continues to rise, the imperialist colonial system completely collapses, and the third world rises, all of which strongly impact the bipolar pattern. At the same time, the failure of the Soviet Union's reform in Eastern Europe and the hegemony of the United States and the Soviet Union laid a hidden danger for the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, which actually accelerated the disintegration of the Yalta system.
(3) From the end of 1980s to the beginning of 1990s: the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union marked the disintegration of the bipolar pattern. Through reform and opening-up, the Third World has further developed and strengthened, and China's comprehensive national strength has improved, which is conducive to the development of the multi-polar world.
[Example 3] Overview 10 In the 1960s, the international pattern showed a multipolar trend.
Reference answer:
During this period, the bipolar pattern was impacted and developed towards multipolarization. Show in:
(1) The pattern of hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union was formed, from the dominance of the United States to the Soviet Union's main attack on the United States.
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International workers' movement and national liberation movement
(2) The hegemonic position of the United States in the capitalist camp has been shaken, forming a tripartite confrontation among the United States, Japan and Western Europe.
(3) The internal contradictions in the Eastern Group have expanded and Sino-Soviet relations have deteriorated. This led to the disintegration of the Oriental Group, and China adhered to the road of independent development.
④ The national liberation movement continued to develop and many nation states were born. In the common struggle of these nation-States, the Non-Aligned Movement was formed, the Group of 77 was founded, and the Third World began to take shape.
The development of these political forces has impacted the bipolar pattern and made the world develop towards multipolarization.
[Analysis of Hot Test Sites]
[Example 1] The following statements about the establishment of the Hungarian Soviet Republic are inconsistent with historical facts.
A. The external crisis promoted the establishment of the Republic of Tanzania.
B. The Hungarian Production Party finally came to power alone.
C. the bourgeois government is weak
D. the bourgeoisie handed over political power to the workers' party
(National College Entrance Examination in 2000)
Introduction: This is entitled negative multiple-choice questions. Students are required to fully understand the background, process and failure reasons of the establishment of the Hungarian Soviet Republic after the war. Then use the exclusion method to exclude the content that conforms to the historical facts. The answer is obviously B, because at that time, the proletariat and the Social Democratic Party merged, rather than the * * * production party taking power alone.
Answer: b
[Example 2] Combining the basic reasons of India's previous struggles against British colonial rule for national liberation, this paper summarizes the characteristics of each struggle and points out the results of this struggle.
(1992 National College Entrance Examination)
Introduction: This topic, entitled "Long Span", examines the mastery and generalization ability of the contents of previous national liberation struggles in India. This topic takes Indian history as the test content, and adds the contents of British aggression and Indian national liberation struggle. We should combine the national liberation movement with the development of capitalism and colonial plunder, and grasp its stages and characteristics. While expounding the British invasion of India, we should understand the changes in Indian society, and then summarize the leadership, the form of struggle and the result of struggle.
Reference answer:
(1)/kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, Britain completed its occupation of India, and the ethnic contradiction between the colonists and all social strata in India rose to a dominant position. From 1857 to 1859, a national uprising broke out in India, which was an anti-British national uprising involving all sectors of society, with some feudal princes in the dominant position.
(2)/kloc-In the late 9th century, India's national capitalist economy developed to a certain extent. After the industrial revolution, Britain stepped up its aggression against India, and India produced a national bourgeoisie. From 1905 to 1908, an anti-British struggle broke out, a political strike was held, and armed conflicts appeared.
(3) After the First World War, Indian national capitalism developed greatly. The British colonial authorities adopted a high-handed policy, and the Indian national liberation movement rose again. The Congress Party, represented by Gandhi, led the "Non-violent and Non-cooperative Movement".
(4) After World War II, Britain's strength declined and India's national independence movement reached its climax. 1947, Britain promulgated the India-Pakistan Independence Act; Mountbatten plan. In the autumn of the same year, India achieved independence.
[Teaching Guidance]
1. Analysis of College Entrance Examination
Judging from the college entrance examination questions in the 1990s, the status of national liberation movement history is obviously higher than that of international movement history. There are three questions and answers and 1 material questions, such as 1992 "Indian national liberation movement" question and answer; 1995 "Anti-Fascist National Liberation in 1930s" Q&A; 1996 "the backwardness of the third world" material topic; A comparative study of "1998 Latin American Revolution of Independence and American War of Independence". Judging from the contents of the investigation, it mainly involves three periods: handicraft workshop period, 1930s and after World War II. From the perspective of investigation, the history of national liberation movement mainly examines the characteristics and reasons of a country or region at different stages (such as India in 1992) or the characteristics and reasons of national liberation movements in different countries in the same period (such as the comparison between the United States and Latin America in 1998).
1993 Q&A on "Three Progressive Trends Caused by Industrial Revolution" in the history of international * * * games; 1995 "Engels corrected his speech" was involved, but it was not put forward separately. The angle of investigation is mainly from the perspective of the relationship between the development of capitalist political economy and the international capitalist movement.
It is estimated that the proportion of this topic in the future college entrance examination will basically remain unchanged, so we should also pay attention to it. Especially after World War II, the content of this topic occupies a large proportion in the new textbooks, and it is closely related to the evolution of the international pattern after World War II, which should be paid more attention to.
2. Teaching suggestions
To review this topic, we should combine the overall clues of modern world history, grasp the development clues of international movements and national liberation movements, and clarify the relationship between socialist movements, national liberation movements and capitalist development. Because the different characteristics of the national liberation movement and the international capitalist movement are determined by them. Therefore, when reviewing the content of this topic, we must contact the development level of domestic productive forces, the change of class structure and the political economy of western capitalist countries.
It is necessary to guide students to analyze and understand the twists and turns of today's socialist movement with a correct point of view and evaluate the socialist movement historically and comprehensively. This paper analyzes the reasons why the socialist movement suffered setbacks from both subjective and objective aspects, and understands the advanced nature and faltering of the socialist movement.
Author: zxmzzg 2005-9-2 1 23:04 reply to this speech
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International workers' movement and national liberation movement
Guide students to master the stage characteristics of national liberation movements in different periods. Analyze and understand the influence of national liberation movement on national history and world political structure. After the October Revolution, the position and leadership of the national liberation movement can be supplemented by the latest historical research results, thus broadening students' thinking, expanding their knowledge and improving their cognitive ability.
3. Problem analysis
(1) the center shift of the international production movement.
The international capitalist movement is related to the development of capitalism and is restricted by the political and economic development of various countries. During the whole international capitalist movement, the sports center has been moved four times:
(1)/kloc-in the early 9th century, Britain was the center. The Charter Movement broke out in England, the Producers' Union was established in London, and Marx's main practice and theoretical activities were in England.
(2)/kloc-centered on France in the middle of 0/9th century. The June Uprising and the Paris Commune broke out in France.
(3) After the failure of the Paris Commune, the center was in Germany, and the first proletarian party in the world, the Social Democratic Party, was born in Germany.
(4)/KLOC-From the end of 0/9 to the 1950s, the center of international movement shifted to Russia and the Soviet Union. The birth of Leninism, February Revolution, October Socialist Revolution, and the establishment of * * * Production International.
(2) the problem of proletarian revolution
Due to the differences in historical conditions and national conditions, it is inconsistent for countries to carry out proletarian revolution and embark on the socialist road.
Russia took the revolutionary road from armed uprising in central cities to the expansion of small and medium-sized towns and villages across the country, while Hungary took the road of peaceful seizure of power by the proletariat. China takes the road of encircling the city from the countryside. Eastern European countries, on the other hand, have many forms: one is the uprising led by their own production party with the cooperation of the Soviet Union; One is to rely on the Soviet "iron plow" to eradicate fascist forces and win; Others, such as East Germany, established people's democratic regime through Soviet occupation.
This shows that it is diversified for countries to embark on the socialist road. It is inappropriate to regard violent revolution as the only way of struggle, and it is a misunderstanding of the road of October revolution to regard October revolution as the only way of socialist revolution in all countries of the world. Only by combining Marxism with China's concrete revolutionary practice can we explore a road suitable for China's national conditions.
(3) Changes in the historical status of the national liberation movement after the October Revolution.
The victory of the October Revolution ushered in a new era of the national liberation movement. Before the British bourgeois revolution to the October Revolution, the national liberation movement in colonies and semi-colonies was part of the bourgeois world revolution.
(2) The October Revolution expanded the scope of ethnic issues, changed the nature and role of national liberation movements, and made ethnic issues a common problem for oppressed peoples in colonial and semi-colonial countries to get rid of imperialist oppression, and became a part of the proletarian world revolution.
(3) With the changes of the times, ethnic issues are not static, mainly determined by the whole process of social and historical development. In different times, national struggles have different contents and development directions. In the era of bourgeois revolution, it is mainly the bourgeoisie that determines the content of the times. The main direction of the times development is to eliminate feudalism and develop capitalism. The purpose and content of the national liberation movement is to overthrow feudal autocracy and alien rule and establish a capitalist system, which is basically consistent with the direction of bourgeois revolution. The national liberation movement is essentially a bourgeois movement and belongs to the bourgeois world revolution.
(4) In the era of imperialism, colonial and semi-colonial countries were involved in the world capitalist system, and the whole world was divided into oppressed nations and oppressed nations. The ethnic problem has expanded into a problem of liberation from imperialist oppression. In the era of imperialism and proletarian revolution, it is the proletariat that determines the content of the times. After the October Revolution, the world was divided into two camps: socialism and imperialism, and anti-imperialism was the primary task of the national liberation struggle. In this way, it will stand on the same front with the proletarian revolutionary movement in imperialist countries, become an ally of the proletarian revolution, and become a part of the world revolution led by the proletariat. No matter the national liberation movement led by the proletariat, or the national liberation movement led by princes and nobles or the bourgeoisie, as long as they are anti-imperialist, they are all part of the proletarian world revolution.
(4) the development and evolution of socialism in Russia and the Soviet Union (Russia)
① 65438+1970s and 1980s 2009: With the rise of the workers and peasants movement, the Russian proletariat began to enter the historical stage as an independent political force, Marxism began to spread widely, and Marxist groups were established one after another. Russia has gradually become the center of the European workers' movement.
② Early 20th century: Bolshevik Party was founded, Leninism was born, and 1905 revolution broke out, which became the general exercise of the October Revolution.
(3) World War I: The February Revolution overthrew the autocratic rule of the czar, and the October Revolution gave birth to the first socialist country in the world.
④ In the 1920s and 1930s, the socialist revolution and construction were carried out, and the socialist system was established at 1936, and at the same time a highly centralized political and economic system was formed, that is, the "Soviet model".
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International workers' movement and national liberation movement
⑤ During World War II, it became the main force against German fascism and made outstanding contributions to the victory of World War II.
⑥ Early period after World War II: further development, gradually forming the Oriental Group headed by the Soviet Union. Domestic and foreign policies are mainly devoted to consolidating the achievements of World War II and restoring the national economy.
⑦ Socialist reform was carried out in 1950s and 1960s, but the results were not great and suffered serious setbacks.
Late 1980s and early 1990s: The Soviet Union gradually disintegrated and the socialist movement suffered great setbacks.
(5) correctly understand the development law of the international capitalist movement.
① Thinking about science from space: the symbol is the publication of the Party Manifesto in 1848 and the birth of scientific capitalism.
② From theory to practice: The First International was founded in 1864, which is the product of the combination of Marxist theory and workers' movement practice. Its establishment pushed the international socialist movement to a new stage, and socialism developed from theory to practice.
③ From ideal to reality: The Paris Commune in 187 1 was the first great attempt of the proletariat to overthrow bourgeois rule and establish proletarian dictatorship. 19 17 The victory of the October Revolution established the first socialist country in human history, and socialism changed from ideal to reality.
(4) Victory from one country to many countries. After the Second World War, socialism transcended the scope of a country and formed the Oriental Group composed of several countries across Europe and Asia.
⑤ The tortuous development of the socialist movement: In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Eastern Europe changed dramatically, the Soviet Union disintegrated and the socialist movement suffered setbacks. However, China draws lessons from experience and embarks from the national conditions, and the socialist construction is developing in a healthier direction.
[ability strengthening training]
I. Multiple choice questions
1. The North American War of Independence was a bourgeois revolution, mainly the War of Independence.
A. it is anti-colonial and anti-feudal. This is a war between capitalism.
C. one of the purposes is to establish a capitalist system. D. Eliminate the feudal ruling class
Introduction and analysis: the task of bourgeois revolution is to oppose feudalism and judge accordingly.
Answer: c
2. When British colonists invaded India, India was
A. Akbar's rule
C. when the mughal empire perished.
Answer: d
3. Compared with the national liberation movement in Europe at the same time, the biggest difference between the Asian revolutionary storm and the European national liberation movement is that
A. Strong religious color B. Old-fashioned national movement
C. Ended in failure D. With the goal of striving for national independence
Introduction: The Yashuo Revolution took place in the middle of19th century. At that time, Asian countries had not yet produced the capitalist mode of production, and the European bourgeoisie had become the leading class of the national democratic revolution.
Answer: b
4. The fundamental reason for the different endings of the North American War of Independence and the Latin American Revolution is that
A.b. Economic development
C. Revolutionary leadership D. Forms of revolutionary struggle
Answer: d
5. The main reasons for the failure of the early three workers' movements in Europe are
A. bourgeois rule is powerful. B. without the guidance of revolutionary theory.
C. the basic contradiction of capitalism has not been exposed. The proletariat has not formed an international force.
Answer: b
6. Scientific socialism is scientific mainly because
A. reveals the basic contradiction of capitalist society. B. reveals the law of surplus value.
C. revealing the objective laws of social development.
Answer: c
7. The main form of the early workers' movement was the destruction of factory machines. The main reason is that the early industrial revolution brought suffering to workers, and people felt depressed. They didn't realize the root of the disaster. The main goal of this struggle is to improve economic treatment. Machine production has greatly improved labor productivity.
A.①② B .③④ C.①②③ D .①②④
Answer: c
8。 The following account of the reasons for the outbreak of the Paris Commune is incorrect.
A. the relations of production at that time seriously hindered the development of productive forces B. France suffered a fiasco in the Franco-Prussian War.
C. signing of the Franco-Prussian armistice agreement
D. thiers's domestic and foreign policies
Introduction: During the Paris Commune Revolution, capitalism rose and adapted to the development of productive forces. Therefore, A is incorrect.
A: A.
9. "* * * should educate the production party" points out that the fundamental purpose of the dictatorship of the proletariat is
A. Seize power B. Abolish private ownership
C. Changing the status quo of social inequality D. Developing social productive forces
Analysis: Compared with the development of social productive forces, the proletariat's seizure of political power is only a means, and the latter is the most fundamental purpose.
Answer: d
Engels pointed out in 10. 1895: "The struggle method of 1848 is outdated in all aspects today." This shows that Engels