16 19 is destined to be an extraordinary year. On the other side of the ocean, the United States is caught in a wave of slaughter and population migration. Groups of slaves were locked in damp and cold cabins, accompanied by turbulent ocean currents, engaged in dirty and disgusting underground transactions. At the same time, the ancient eastern regime is slowly shaking. This year, the Ming empire inevitably declined, which decided the decisive battle of the decline of the huge empire? The battle of Salhu broke out in the cold and hard land of Liaodong. This year is the forty-seventh year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty, and the third year of Nuerhachi's announcement of "Seven Hatreds" symbolizes the decadent node of the fate of the empire, so that it is popular among the people? Ming died in the apocalypse, but actually died in Wanli? Statement.

We won't elaborate on the battle of Salhu. Since then, the Jin regime has tended to be stable and prosperous, and finally, with the help of Shanhaiguan, it poured into the Forbidden City and burned out. What we are going to talk about today is a devastating counterattack of the Ming Dynasty against Nuzhen in Jianzhou during the Chenghua period, which aroused the deep concern of Ming historians? Chenghua Liyuan? . Quite different from the lament and regret caused by the Battle of Salhu, Chenghua Plough House was a symbol of national prestige for the Ming Dynasty at that time and had a deterrent effect by setting an example.

Ban Gu of the Eastern Han Dynasty wrote a stirring sentence in the biography of Xiongnu in the Han Dynasty:? It has been plowed into its courtyard, swept away and placed in counties. ? Long Ting is the altar where Xiongnu worships the God of Heaven and Earth, and also the base camp of military and political integration. Khan's political center gives orders. The book written by Ban Gu is the source of this idiom, which means to clear the enemy's lair and carry out a comprehensive and targeted sweep.

First, the background of Chenghua Plough House

Before saying the reason, let's talk about the war object of the Ming Dynasty, Jianzhou Nuzhen, who was deeply influenced by farming civilization. Is it easy to cause cognitive confusion? Descendants of gold .

When it comes to whether Jianzhou Jurchen has the blood of Jin Jurchen, the answer is self-evident. After being attacked by the Southern Song Dynasty and the Mongolian Empire, the State of Jin, which existed for more than 100 years, was declared extinct, and Jurchen suffered an unprecedented massacre.

The northeast of China is vast and sparsely populated, and the primitive tribal peoples of Siberia, including Tunguska, Huliguai, Han nationality and a few remaining Nuzhen, have gradually come into being, and a new ethnic group has been formed. Jurchen nationality exists in name only. The so-called Jianzhou Jurchen, Barbarian Jurchen and Haixi Jurchen are just the names of Jurchen nationality.

At that time, Jianzhou Jurchen was the closest to the border of the Ming Dynasty, with good farming conditions and a high degree of farming. Compared with other tribes' fishing and hunting civilizations, Jianzhou Jurchen is only strong and not strong.

In order to better control and manage Jianzhou Jurchen, the Ming Empire divided Jianzhou Jurchen into three parts in a similar way of decentralization, and appointed a court position to each leader, hoping to divide the interior of Jianzhou Jurchen, which is the so-called three flavors of Jianzhou.

Perhaps because of the strength, Jianzhou Nuzhen began to express her dissatisfaction with the tribute system established by the Ming Dynasty, clamoring to increase the number of envoys who paid tribute to Kanto goods. Then, Jianzhou Nuzhen frequently invaded the border and plundered the food and property of the border people, even the vassal country North Korea was not spared.

Especially after being explicitly rejected by the Ming officials, Jianzhou Nuzhen put on a dead mouse's cold posture and simply tore her face and plundered money and food aboveboard, which undoubtedly challenged the authority of the Ming empire.

Second, the difference between the attitudes of emperors before and after.

These letters were sent to Zhu Jianshen, the eighth emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Considering the rampant Jurchen in Jianzhou, Zhu Jianshen, Ming Xianzong decided to hold an emergency military meeting to deal with Jianzhou's attitude towards Jurchen.

No matter which dynasty or generation, whenever there is a thorny military issue, the court will inevitably be divided into two factions, one is a landlord who pretends to be thoughtful, and the other is an emotional argument about the interests of border intrusion.

Throughout the debate between the peace faction and the war faction, Ming Xianzong and Zhu Jianshen had to weigh the pros and cons, and carefully weigh them, so as to ensure that the Nuzhen problem in statehood can be properly solved.

Comfort or extinction?

The alliance of Buddhist temples, represented by advocates and factions, was well established in Liao and Song Dynasties and lived in peace for a hundred years. The advocates pointed out that the change of the civil fort in Ming Yingzong period seriously dampened the majesty and awe of the Ming Empire.

Considering that nomadic people lived by hunting and lacked necessities such as salt and cloth, the court had obvious restrictions on the amount of tribute goods, and some courtiers tended to appease and make some concessions to Jianzhou Jurchen.

In the end, Ming Xianzong and Zhu Jianshen chose the former, to show some color to Jianzhou Nuzhen, which also shows that Ming Xianzong has a main battle attitude towards border intrusion.

Third, the origin of Ming and Qing Dynasties

Ming Xianzong's attack, coincidentally, the most serious disturbances were Li Manzhu, the leader of Jianzhou Guard, and Dong Shan, the leader of Jianzhou Right Guard, who were the ancestors of the Qing royal family. Dong Shan is the fifth ancestor of Nurhachi, the founder of the post-Jin regime.

1467, while tens of thousands of Ming troops were deployed in large numbers, Ming Xianzong ordered North Korea to send troops to jointly attack the Jurchen soldiers of Jianzhou Sanwei. In September this year, Li Manzhu and Gunaha were both arrested. Because Li Manzhu had been rebellious before and sometimes rebelled, the Ming army and the Korean army did not hesitate to slay him.

In just one month's encirclement and suppression, the Ming army achieved fruitful results, destroying more than 630 jurchen soldiers and capturing 240 jurchen. Dong Shan, the right-back leader of Jianzhou, was killed by the Ming army in his own residence on his way back from paying tribute.

After this beheading, the vitality of Jianzhou Nvzhen was damaged and temporarily stopped for more than ten years. The good times didn't last long. When Jianzhou Jurchen recovered a little, she invaded the border again on the grounds of restricting tribute, and the rampant degree was higher than before.

Fourth, Chenghua plough court officially went to war.

Should we continue to wage war? This needs to be measured. Therefore, Ming Xianzong decided to send his cronies Wang Zhi, made a special trip to Liaodong.

Ma Wensheng, then assistant minister of the Ministry of War, had been at odds with Wang Zhi. Prior to this, Wang Zhi's confidant Liaodong Governor Chen Yue killed the Nuzhen envoy by mistake, which led to a great increase in Liaodong military affairs. Therefore, most of the complaints filed by Ma Wensheng to China are related to Chen Yue.

Dissatisfied Wang Zhi took this opportunity to vigorously publicize the scourge of statehood Jurchen, and impeached Ma Wensheng who advocated appeasement, saying that the cause of Liaodong border affairs was that Ma Wensheng banned border trade.

Although Ma Wensheng strongly denied this excuse, he was taken to the palace, where the royal guards tried him. Then it was displaced for several years, and it was not reopened until six years later. Of course, Wang Zhi's letter also strengthened the determination of Ming Xianzong and Zhu Jianshen. Since the change of the civil fort, it is time to enhance Daming's national prestige The Ming Dynasty decided to issue a license order to Jianzhou Nuzhen, who disturbed the territory.

Only eight words stand out in the war edict:? Hit its nest and its seed? This is undoubtedly another major counterattack against Jianzhou Jurchen.

1479, in the cold winter, the imperial court reported good news frequently. Although Jianzhou Jurchen was entrenched because of the steep terrain, the Ming army finally succeeded in breaking through the Jurchen camp with the strength of being outnumbered, and nearly 2,000 people were captured and killed.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) abstract

This great victory, together with the beheading 13 years ago, is known as Chenghua Plough House in history, which is a brilliant achievement in the military history of the Ming Dynasty, and completely dealt a heavy blow to the Jianzhou Jurchen Military Group.

Judging from the military achievements, Chenghua Plough House was not a large-scale military operation. At this time, Jianzhou Jurchen has not yet formed, far from the strength of the Eight Banners soldiers in the early Qing Dynasty.

Many people like to take Chenghua Plough House as evidence that the Ming Dynasty was stronger than the Qing Dynasty. The demise of the Ming Dynasty originated from internal troubles and foreign invasion, and the Qing army was suspected of taking advantage of people's danger. Although this is an exaggeration, it is an indisputable fact that Jianzhou Jurchen has been stationed for nearly a hundred years.

Comparing the achievements of Zhu Yuanzhang, the great ancestor of the Ming Dynasty, and Judy, Ming Taizu, may not be worth a big book, but the effect of border stability and prestige it brings is particularly obvious.

In the long and complicated history of the war, this war may not be tragic enough, huge enough or well-known, but it has achieved the greatest return at the least cost, which is a highlight of Zhu Jianshen, Ming Xianzong.