The ridge color is heavy and heavy, and the string is broken and the tears are deep. ''

This poem was probably written by Wang Changling on his way to Longbiao (now Qianyang, Hunan) in his later years. He wrote and listened to the Zheng music, which aroused his feelings. '

The first sentence describes the scenery and juxtaposes three images (solitary boat, small moon and maple forest). In China's classical poems, there is a tradition of writing about guests' worries by moonlight. Seeing the moon on the river and the moonlight meeting the water are more likely to arouse the sadness of the guests. Wang Changling seems to particularly like such a scene: "Yi Jun is far away in Xiaoxiang Moon, and his sorrow grows in the dream of an ape", "You visit Jingmen to the Three Gorges, and don't worry about an ape when you are alone in the moon", and so on, all of which link the guest's sorrow with Jiang Yue. And "Lonely Boat and Moonlight" is also written in this artistic conception. The word "sorrow" is not clear, and it is hidden between the lines. "LAM Raymond" means autumn, and it is also related to the worries of visitors. This kind of broad-leaved tree is born by the river, and when it meets the wind, it makes a chilling sound ("Autumn wind starts at dusk, maple trees whisper"), which really makes people feel "green maple is full of sorrow". "Lonely Boat Drifting in Maple Grove" focuses on three late scenery in Qiu Jiang, which constitutes a very sad artistic conception (this technique was later brought into full play by Ma Zhiyuan in Tianjingsha in Yuan Dynasty), and the above description arranged a typical environment for the performance of Zheng music. In this case, only music can dispel the sadness of strangers in a foreign land. "Separate payment" means payment and arrangement. Guzheng players also made secret appearances here. "Pay-sharing" and "Harmony" take care of each other, which means that the Zheng music played is in harmony with the mood of the relocated guests. "Shuidiao" (that is, Shuidiao belonging to Yuefu Shangdiao) was originally sad, but now it is integrated into the subjective feelings of musicians ("wanderers") living in rivers and lakes. How can we not arouse the inner voice of "We are both unhappy-forever old"? Here, the words "pay separately" and "and" are flexible. Both of them have the meaning of plucking, and their meaning is by no means conveyed by the real word plucking. Their function is to closely link the scenery, Zheng music and the listener's mood, so that they can be integrated. "Divide the remuneration" and "Zheng Ming" rhyme, which makes this poem catchy and full of music. The beauty of poetry is just like what Zhong Xing said: "The words" Daidai "and" Jade "express the feeling of playing the zither, but they can't be solved (Three Hundred Poems of Tang Dynasty). The so-called "can't solve". It means that it is easy to understand but difficult to explain, not as easy to understand as real words. '

The second sentence has just been written into the Zheng music, but the third sentence mentions "ridge color", which seems to have turned to the scenery again. In fact, it is different from the first sentence in nature, and it can be said that it is a continuation of writing "Zheng Ming". Maybe it really rained at night, which made the mountain colorful with or without it. Perhaps it is just a mirage caused by the "micro moon" with clear water, and the mountains seem to be shrouded in fog and rain. In either case, it has played a role in setting off the feelings of the relocated households. In addition, it is more likely that wonderful music has caused such a feeling of "breaking out of the ground and stirring the autumn rain". "A Thousand Miles of Rain" not only describes the color of mountains, but also forms the sound of kites (just like "The big strings sound like rain"); It is not only a visual image, but also a musical image. The overlapping of "thousand weights" and "ten thousand weights" gives people a hint of the complexity of playing the piano. After writing Zheng Ming, "Lingse" and "Thousand Rains" are juxtaposed in one sentence, omitting any narrative and related words, resulting in polysemy and rich connotations in the poem, which opens up the audio-visual feeling and makes people feel depressed. '

When it bounced to the stirring place, the string of the Zheng suddenly broke. But the listener is emotional and can't control himself. Here, I don't say that there are many tears, in other words, it is "deep tears" and the text image is fresh. The two words "receive and pay" are the same, which makes the "rain" in three sentences and the "tears" in this sentence form a metaphorical relationship. The tears of people who listen to the zither seem to be the rain on the mountain collected by the zither strings. No wonder there are many. This kind of imagination is novel, unique and thought-provoking. "Only smell zheng tears, meaning is shallow. Tears are like rain, and words are normal. Seeing the wonderful use of syntax and personality will make people memorable. " (Huang Shengping) This poem is quite distinctive in syntax, phonology, synaesthesia and so on, all of which serve the creation of artistic conception. It's hidden, not carved. The poem is called "a treasure of a city, not diminished by pursuit".

(c) The technical basis of Qin Zheng's revival.

1. Learn the skills of distribution: In the 1950s, when the Guzheng major was just established in the Conservatory of Music, Wang He of Henan Guzheng School and two teachers of Shandong Guzheng School were invited to teach in the school. Therefore, the early students majoring in Shaanxi Guzheng almost all had a solid foundation in the traditional skills of Henan and Shandong Guzheng schools. This not only laid the foundation for their future performances and creations, but also became the technical basis for the revival of Qin Zheng School. Henan, Shandong and Shaanxi are all located in the north of China, and there are many similarities in climate, geography and temperament, and this similarity is also reflected in the music style. The technique of "bouncing and inserting piles" determines that the timbre of these three Zheng schools is sonorous and solid, so that some experts use it to distinguish the north and south of Zheng schools.

The second musical score "Embroidered Gold Plaque" adopts the technique of Henan school's right hand chopping quickly and left hand putting strings at the same time.

2. Modern techniques used in modern Zheng music: In recent years, many professional composers have created with new ideas, and their techniques have also broken the limitations of traditional regionalism and conservatism. Whether in the north or the south, traditional or modern, technology serves the pursuit of sound effects.

Sweeping and Shaking Techniques in Great Wall Music

Spectrum example 4 "Autumn Night Thinking" spectrum example fragment

Fast fingering skills of music score example 5 "Chord Board Tone"

3. The special technique determined by the characteristics of the piano music: Because of the rising and falling characteristics of the piano music, the technique of frequently using the left thumb to press the sound is determined. This is also the representative technique of Qin Zheng.

(d) Qin Zheng's revival drama

Objectively speaking, in the Renaissance of Qin Zheng, the grasp of its style is based on the musical style of today's Qin Sheng. The so-called "piano sound" generally refers to the traditional music of Qin Dynasty. Including Shaanxi opera music, religious music and all folk music. [i] Qin Zheng's music creation mainly absorbed a large number of traditional music tunes from "Qin Opera" music (such as Qin Opera, Wanwan Opera, Fanhu, Xi 'an Drum Music, etc.). ). So "Shaanxi Zheng Music involves many kinds of dramas and music. It has rich musical forms and a variety of styles and colors. " [ii] The following will be classified and explained separately:

1. Zheng music based on local opera rap music

Loess hills and gullies in the north of Qin land are vertical and horizontal; Guanzhong area is an important grain and cotton producing area in China. Southern Shaanxi is the Qinling Bashan Mountain, and the Hanshui River winds. The complex and diverse geographical environment has given birth to rich and diverse folk quyi in the vast rural areas.

(1) Mi Hu: Mi Hu, also known as Quzi and Shaanxi Quzi, is an art of sitting and singing with Qupai as the main body. There are a lot of qupai. Fan Hu is divided into Dong Lu Fan Hu and Fan Hu (popular in Yan County, Hu County, Chang 'an County, hua county, zhouzhi county and other regions. The development level of fans here is the highest. ) west road is confused; (Popular in Baoji, Fengxiang, Qishan and other regions. ) Fan Hu in southern Shaanxi; (Popular in Ankang, Yangxian, Chenggu and other areas. Due to the barrier of Qinling Mountains, the style has slightly changed. ) Northern Shaanxi fans Hu. (Popular in Luochuan, Huangling, Jingbian and other areas, it was introduced from Guanzhong, and there is not much difference. ) [3]

According to its qupai style, it can be roughly divided into

A pathos type [4]: Its feelings are pathos and sadness. On this basis, the Zheng music developed includes Great Wall Tune, Xijing Tune, Old Dragon Suffering from the Sea, Slow Complain, Laowugeng, Wugeng, Pipa and so on.

B heroic: the tune is sonorous and sharp. Bold and gorgeous style, strong and powerful. This kind of Zheng music includes: strong appeal, hard style and so on.

C Euphemism: This category is the result of Qin's absorption of foreign music. The Qupai, such as Nao Wugeng, Fenlian and Jujube Dried recorded in Shen Ming Telford Wanli Night Fire, were popular in Huaihe River Basin and even in Jiangnan area, and became common Quyi music in Shaanxi in the late Qing Dynasty. This qupai still retains the southern style. The melody is beautiful, delicate and smooth. This kind of Zheng music includes: Yangzhou flowers, cut flowers, silver buckles, peaceful years, big bills and so on.

(2) Qinqiang Opera: Qinqiang Opera is the main drama of the Qin Dynasty. Also known as random bombs. Its introduction has been prepared by predecessors. I won't go into details here. The guzheng music based on Qin opera includes: ensemble music, deep night, flowers and moons, offering sacrifices to spirits, local accent, Qin opera, songs of Sanqin, etc.

(3) Wan Wan Opera: Wan Wan Opera was once a famous opera in China. Hua county, which was first popular in the east of Shaanxi Province, is the vocal music of local shadow play. It was very popular during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. Because its main accompaniment instrument is a bronze percussion instrument shaped like a small bowl, it is named [V]. Its music is exquisite and elegant, and its melody is tactfully lingering. Very beautiful and moving. Qin Sang Qu is based on the music of Qiang people in Wan Wan. Another song, Laughing at Spring Breeze, shows a happy mood of Spring Breeze. The music is fluent and gorgeous, with typical Wan Wan Qiang music style.

(4) String board cavity: String board cavity is also called board cavity. It is a kind of accompaniment music and singing of lantern shadow play, which is popular in Liquan, Ganxian and Xingping in western Shaanxi. It is developed from folk rap music. It is named [vi] because its accompaniment instruments are mainly Heizi (three strings) and Banban (two boards and two boards and three boards of grasshopper). Its music is bright and lively, enthusiastic and excited, with the cheerful and unrestrained temperament of the people in the northwest plateau. He is good at displaying the martial arts of heroes. The Zheng song castanet tune is based on castanet cavity music, which is vivid and humorous. The adagio in the middle section is relaxed and smooth. Because Allegro is very fast, the modern "fast fingering" technique is used in the performance of Zheng, which has made a great breakthrough in the difficulty and skill of music.

(5) Yulin ditty: Yulin ditty is a kind of rap music that spreads in Yulin area and Yulin city in northern Shaanxi. As mentioned above, it is not the traditional music of the Qin Dynasty that has been handed down from earlier history. However, "history is a constantly changing process. Traditional music in the cultural phenomenon that reflects this process is naturally not limited to a fixed time frame situation. Nor is it limited to the' past' in the concept of practice. It is the sum of the past, the future and the present, and it is a flowing whole process "[vii]. Yulin, located in the north of Shaanxi, has long been influenced by Qin culture. Yulin ditty can be regarded as a new river, which flows into the long river of Qin traditional music and is passed down from generation to generation. It is this absorption and integration that makes traditional music endless and has a long history. Therefore, this kind of play is also included in the revived Qin Zheng play. Such as Qu Zheng pinching garlic shoots, small white men, calling Jiao Niang, Liu Qingniang, Zhang Sheng beating Yingying, boat, Wugenggu, embroidered pocket, nine rings and so on.