Jian 'an Literature Jian 'an was the national title of Xian Di in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, namely 196-220. The political power in this period was completely controlled by Cao Cao, so the literary leaders at that time were all Cao family figures, and most of the seven famous poets Jian 'an died in Jian 'an period, so this period was called Jian 'an literature. Cao Cao Cao (155-220), an outstanding strategist, politician and poet, wrote more than 20 poems today. Some of his poems truly reflect the social reality of the turmoil and sufferings of the people in the late Han Dynasty. For example, Hao recorded the darkest and chaotic history before and after Dong Zhuo's rebellion at the end of the Han Dynasty, and described the tragic reality caused by the warlords' struggle for power and profit: "A louse is born, and the surname is dead. The bones were bare in the field, and there was no one among them, and there was no crowing. There are hundreds of people who have left behind, and their thoughts are broken. " The other part of the poem expresses his ambition in life and unification of the world. Cao Cao not only pioneered the atmosphere with his own creation, but also contributed to the prosperity and development of Jian 'an literature with his own advocacy of literature. Second, Cao Cao Pi (187-226), the word, is the second son of Cao Cao. In 220 AD, he abandoned Emperor Gaozu to stand on his own feet and dedicated it to Wei Wendi. There are about 40 existing poems in various forms, including four words, five words, six words, seven words, miscellaneous words, etc., which mostly express feelings about life and thoughts on life philosophy. In addition to some poems about feasting and enjoying, the theme mainly shows that wanderers miss home and people miss their wives. Third, Cao Zhi (192-232) Cao Cao's fourth building in Koneko was gifted. There are more than 90 existing poems, and their creation is divided into two periods based on the twenty-five years of Jian 'an. Cao Zhi's poems are both literary and artistic, and have made great achievements. He explored the theme and content of poetry in many aspects, paid attention to the description of melody and skills in art, and was creative, which greatly enriched the artistic expression of poetry. Zhong Rong's evaluation of his poems in Shi Pin is: "The character is extremely high, the words are adopted by Hua Mao, the feelings are elegant and resentful, and the body is literary." Cao Zhi was also the first literati to write five-character poems vigorously, and two-thirds of the existing poems are five-character poems. With his outstanding creation, he has made great contributions to the transformation of China's classical poetry from plain folk songs to literati poems, and deserves to be the most outstanding representative of Jian 'an poetry circle. Eight eccentrics in Yangzhou Eight eccentrics in Yangzhou are a group of painters and painters with similar styles who lived in Yangzhou in the middle of Qing Dynasty in China, or Yangzhou Painting School. There are different opinions about which painters "Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics" refer to. Some people say it's eight, others say it's more than eight; Some people say these eight, others say the other eight. According to various writings, there are as many as fifteen people. In the late Qing Dynasty, the eight eccentrics were recorded earlier and most completely in Li's Comments on Painting and Calligraphy in Ou Tuoshi, so most people still take the eight eccentrics proposed by Li as the standard. Namely: Wang, Zheng Xie, Gao Xiang, Jin Nong, Li Yi, Huang Shen, Li,. As for the painters mentioned by others, such as Ruan Yuan, Hua Yan, Min Zhen, Gao, Li Mian, Chen Zhuan, Bian Shoumin, Yang Fa, etc. It can also be included because of similar painting styles. Because the word "eight" can be regarded as a number or a divisor. 1. Zheng Xie (1693- 1765), a native of Xinghua, Jiangsu Province, was born in the imperial examination. He was a juror in the tenth year of Kangxi and was a scholar in the first year of Qianlong. Officials in Fanxian and Weixian counties in Shandong Province have a political voice, demanding to relieve the hunger of the people and to be big officials, so they ask for illness. Before and after he became an official, he lived in Yangzhou and made a living by painting and calligraphy. He is good at drawing orchids, bamboos, stones, pines and chrysanthemums. But he painted orchids for more than 50 years and achieved the most outstanding results. Take the method from Xu Wei, Shi Tao and Badashan people to form a family law, which is sparse and strong. Calligraphy, with China's eight points mixed into cursive script, claims to be six and a half books. Calligraphy pen is integrated into painting. It advocates inheriting tradition, taking seven and abandoning three, and paying attention to artistic originality and diversification of styles. The so-called "don't set a pattern before painting, don't leave a pattern after painting" still has reference significance today. Poetry is sincere and interesting and deeply loved by the people. It can also be cured and printed. There are complete works of Zheng Banqiao, printed copies of Mr. Banqiao, etc. His masterpiece is a picture of bamboo and stone. Banqiao takes "there is nothing to do in the chest" as the theory. He painted bamboo without the teacher's inheritance, but more from the sunlight and the moon shadow on the paper window powder wall, so he adopted a natural method directly. In response to Su Dongpo's statement that he had a well-thought-out plan, Banqiao stressed that he should have a well-thought-out plan. These two theories seem to be contradictory, but the essence is the same, and both emphasize the high combination of conception and skill, but the method of Banqiao should be "like lightning and thunder, all plants and trees are angry." Banqiao's "Bamboo Stone Map" shows that bamboo stands tall and straight, rising from the ground. His leaves, each with a different expression, are dark and watery, with distinct shades, vividly showing the texture of bamboo. In composition, Banqiao handled the relationship between the position of bamboo and stone and the words used in poetry very harmoniously. The slender and quiet beauty of bamboo sets off another style of stone. 2. Gao Xiang Gao Xiang (1688- 1753), whose real name is Fenggang, whose real name is Xitang, whose real name is Tantang, was born in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, a painter in Qing Dynasty, and was one of the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou". Household cloth. Good at painting landscapes and flowers. His landscape paintings are based on Hong Ren and Shi Tao, and most of his small landscape paintings come from sketches. Beautiful and elegant, it has its own pattern. Plum paintings are all thin and thin, and they all win with rhyme. He is also good at taking pictures. Jin Nong and Wang's poems are all small portraits printed first, that is, written by Gao Xiang, with concise line drawing and realistic performance. Fine carving, learning process ear. He is also good at poetry, including West Tang Poetry. In his later years, he often painted with his left hand because of his disability in his right hand. Make friends with Shi Tao, Jin Nong and Wang. In the Qing Dynasty, Li Dou recorded in The Original Boat of Yangzhou: "When Shi Tao died, the Western Tang Dynasty swept his grave every spring until his death." It means that after Shi Tao's death, Gao Xiang visited the grave every spring until his death. We can also see the depth of their friendship from here. In addition to painting landscapes and flowers, Gao Xiang is also good at portraits and prints. 3. Jinnong Jinnong (1687— 1764), born in Renhe, Zhejiang (now Hangzhou), was born in Yangzhou for a long time. I have never been an official in my life, and I was recommended to be a scholar and a poet. I entered Beijing and came back without trying. He is well-read and versatile. He began to paint after the age of 50 and was poor all his life. He is good at flowers and birds, landscapes and figures, especially at ink painting and plum blossom. His paintings are simple and simple in shape, elegant in layout and novel in conception. His works include Meme Map and Moon Flower Map. At first, he created a kind of official script, calling himself "lacquer script", which had another interest, and was also called Jin Nong style or Dong Xin style. His strokes are thick and thin, elegant and heavy, and his fonts are mostly rectangular, top-heavy and very beautiful. Fine seal cutting and identification, good at painting bamboo, plum, pommel horse, Buddha statue, figure and landscape. You, Mo Mumei, are full of vitality and flourishing leaves. It is also related to Gu Zhuo's stone brushwork, and its style is quaint and simple. His works include Mu Meitu and Moon Flower Map. He is also good at chanting, "Every time you finish painting, there must be an inscription, which is explosive." He is also good at calligraphy, taking the method from Tianfa Qin Shen Monument, Guo Shan Monument and Gulang Monument. Writing official script is very simple. Regular script creates its own style. The so-called "lacquer script" has another interest. It is also called Jinnong style or Dongxin style. The strokes are thick and thin, elegant and heavy, and the fonts are mostly rectangular, top-heavy and very beautiful. Seal cutting existed in Qin and Han Dynasties. His poetry collections include Mr. Dong Xin's Collection and Mr. Dong Xin's Miscellaneous Collection. In Dong Xin, calligraphy and painting inscriptions are compiled into bamboo paintings, plum paintings, horse paintings, self-portraits and miscellaneous paintings. 4. Li Yili Mountain (1686- 1762), whose real name is also called Taoist, is from Xinghua, Jiangsu. Kangxi was promoted in fifty years, and in fifty-three years, painting was called a sacrifice of the imperial court. Because I don't want to be bound by orthodox painting style, I am excluded. After three years of Qianlong, he was elected as the magistrate of tengxian and returned to the provincial government. After two different titles and a demotion, he went to Yangzhou to sell paintings for a living. He has the closest relationship with Zheng Xie, so Zheng has the saying that "Yangzhou sells paintings and is old with Li". In his early years, he learned to paint landscapes with Wei, a fellow countryman, and inherited Huang all the way. When he worshipped the court, he learned to paint with Jiang Ting. Later, he asked the master of finger painting for advice and advocated freehand brushwork. In Yangzhou, he was inspired by Shi Tao's brushwork, so he splashed ink with broken pens, and his painting style changed greatly, forming his own unique style. In this style, pen and ink blended into a strange taste. He likes to draw long articles, and his writing style is uneven, which makes the pictures very rich, and his works have a great influence on flower-and-bird painting in the late Qing Dynasty. 5. Huang Shen (after 1687- 1770) was born in Ninghua, Fujian. He is good at freehand brushwork figures, intercropping flowers and birds, landscapes and bold colors. As one of the Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou, he is an all-round painter. When I was young, I studied hard and lived in a small temple because of family difficulties. "Books are paintings, and there is no wax at night. I read in the bright light of the Buddhist temple. " He is good at drawing numbers. In his early years, he studied under the official Zhou Dynasty and did more meticulous work. Later, inspired by the original work of Huai Su, a calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty, he painted with wild brushwork and became a freehand brushwork. Huang Shen's freehand brushwork figures created a unique style of putting cursive script into painting. When Huai Su's cursive script arrived in Huang Shen, it became "bald", and the combination of cotton was intermittent, with more bold brushwork and bolder style. Such a wild brushwork, the brushwork is "swift as the wind", the weather is majestic, and the stippling is like a wind leaf. Huang Shen's figure paintings, mostly based on fairy tales, depict the lives of historical figures and ordinary people such as woodcutters, fishermen, vagrants and beggars in real life, bringing a new breath to figure paintings in Qing Dynasty. Huang Shen's photo album "Beauty Watching Flowers" depicts a beauty's obsession with flowers. The map of Xishan crane is based on Su Shi's Flying Crane Pavilion. On the right side of this picture, there is a white crane. The old man seems to be looking up at the cranes flying in the air. The boy is holding a flower basket, but he is very happy. "I dreamed of Yangzhou Road all my life, and the empty cranes returned" (Huang Shen's "Crane Training in Lin Bu"). Huang Shen lived in Yangzhou twice and spent 17 years in Yangzhou, which became his lifelong attachment. His figure paintings are the most distinctive, including "Four-Lun Diagram", "Group Begging Diagram" and "Fisherman Diagram". His poems were collected by fellow countryman Hong Lei and compiled into Jiaohu Poetry Collection. 6. Ber Ber (1695 ~ 1755) was a poet and painter in China in the Qing Dynasty. He was born in Tongzhou (now Nantong, Jiangsu Province), and his name is Qingjiang, Yiyuan and Baiyishan. Living in Jinling Borrowing Landscape Garden, claiming to be the owner of Borrowing Landscape Garden. It is one of the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou". Born in an official family, he once served as Le 'an County Magistrate, Lanshan County Magistrate, Qianshan County Magistrate and Chuzhou Magistrate. When you are an official, you are "benevolent." Later, he was dismissed for false accusation. After he became an official, he borrowed a garden in Nanjing, became the owner of the garden in his own name, and often went to Yangzhou to sell paintings. Have contacts with Li Shan, Jin Nong and Zheng Xie. Specializing in poetry, calligraphy and painting, good at plum, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum, pine and fish. He pays attention to the tradition of learning from nature and can be unique. His brushwork is vigorous, his knife method is simple and vivid. It is listed as one of the eight eccentrics in Yangzhou. There are handed down "Wind Bamboo Map", "Fish Tour Map" and "Meme Map". The author of Plum Blossom House Poetry. He is good at drawing pines, bamboos, orchids, chrysanthemums, plums, miscellaneous flowers, insects and fish, and is also good at drawing figures and landscapes, especially plums. The works are free and unconstrained, full of ink and brush, careless and informal, which is intended to be between Ivy League, Bai Yang and Zhu Han. Plum paintings are famous for their thin and hard stems and new branches, and their sides are curved. "Plum blossom means" is printed in the user's room, and the famous poem Shi Mei has a sentence "Don't blame for being frustrated". I also like to draw pine and bamboo in the strong wind. The work "Shi Neng" was edited by later generations, and there were only 26 poems, mostly scattered in paintings. Seven, Wang (1686- 1759), the word approachable,no. nest forest, alias Waishi, late spring old man, etc. Originally from Shexian County, Anhui Province, he now lives in Yangzhou and sells paintings for a living. Flowers and plants, pen at will, colorful. He is especially good at painting plums and often goes to Meihualing outside Yangzhou to enjoy and write plums. Plum blossoms are famous for their dense branches, elegant and beautiful, Jin Nong said; The beauty of painting plum lies in the fact that Guangling has two friends, Wang Chao's forest painting is numerous, and Gao Xitang's painting is sparse. But judging from his paintings of plums, not all of them are flourishing, but they tend to be thinner. No matter how simple or complicated, you have time to wrap up the fragrance and enjoy the snow and mountains. At the age of 54, he was blind in his left eye, but he could still draw plum blossoms. When he showed his beauty, he engraved: he was born blind in his left eye, but he still kept one eye for plum blossoms. Sixty-seven years old, blind, but still able to write weeds, but also pay attention to the mind. Turning a blind eye is not turning a blind eye to one's own heart. Good poem, author of Selected Poems in the Nest Forest. Eight, people (1733- 1799), the word Dunfu, No.2 Peak, also known as Yiyun, alias Huasi Monk, Jinniu Mountain Man, Zhou Fisherman and Old Man. Famous painter in Qing Dynasty, one of the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou". Originally from Shexian County, Anhui Province, I lived in Yangzhou. He once lived in Tommy Lane, Caiyi Street, calling himself "Zhu Cao Shilin". I am a disciple of Jin Nong. I am not an official, so I am good at traveling. Painting figures, Buddha statues, landscapes, flowers and fruits, plums, orchids, bamboos, etc. , omnipotent. The style of writing is fantastic, aloof and unique. He is also good at drawing funny pictures of ghosts and describing all kinds of ugly ghosts, which are extremely wonderful to satirize the ugliness of society at that time. He is also a poet, and he is the author of Night Vanilla Hall. He is also good at seal cutting, and he is the author of Biography of Guangyin People. After Jin Nong's death, he collected manuscripts and contributed engravings, so that Jin Nong's works could be passed down to later generations. His wife, Fang Wanyi, named Bai Lian, is also good at painting Meilan bamboo stones and poems. Both Zi and Yun Yong are good at painting plums, so they are called "Luo Pai". Representative works include: Weather Outside Things (Picture Book), Two Peaks Covered with Flowers, Autumn Height in Dangui, Sunrise in the Shade, Singing in Gu Qing, Painting Bamboo with Sound, etc.