During the old democratic revolution (1840 ~ 19 19)

First, the Opium War.

1. British smuggling of opium to China and its harm ① Background reasons ② Great harm of opium to China.

2. China government banned smoking ① Lin Zexu banned smoking ② Humen destroyed opium.

3. Britain launched the war of aggression against China to ensure opium smuggling ① Simple course:1June 840: Guangdong → Fujian → Zhejiang → Tianjin.

184 1 year: Hong Kong Island → Humen (Guan Tianpei) → Xiamen → Dinghai (the third company commander) → Wusong (Chen Huacheng) → Nanjing Sanyuanli.

② Results: treaty of nanking 1842a. Content treaty-five annexes-three B. hazards.

4. The influence of the Opium War on China society-it began to enter a semi-colonial and semi-closed society ① Changes in social nature: an independent sovereign country → semi-independence, and sovereignty was violated → semi-colonial and semi-feudal economic structure → capitalism, coexistence of feudal economy → semi-closure.

② Changes in social contradictions: imperialism and feudalism of the Chinese nation, the main farmers, landlords and the masses.

(3) Changes in revolutionary tasks: anti-feudalism → anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism (the beginning of the old democratic revolution)

Second, the Second Opium War

1. Background reasons ① Poor sales of foreign goods ② The request of the three countries to "modify the contract" was rejected.

2. Excuses and countries concerned

3. The simple course of the war 1856~ 1858 Guangzhou → Tianjin Treaty 1859~ 1860 Tianjin → Beijing Treaty (Dagukou) (burning Yuanmingyuan)

4. The content of the treaty and its harm

5. Tsarist Russia seized a large territory of China.

6. Political changes in China and collusion between Chinese and foreign reactionary forces ① Nala launched a "Xinyou coup"18611② Characteristics of China's political situation under Nala's control ③ Chinese and foreign reactionary forces colluded to abandon neutrality (Britain and France) and were willing to help suppress it (France and Russia).

Third, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement.

1. Hong Xiuquan founded "Worship God"-the core: anti-Qing and anti-tradition.

2. Hong and Feng went to Guangxi to preach the ideological preparation and organize the implementation of Zijingshan.

Jintian uprising: 185 1 year 1 month1day.

4. Yong 'an organizational system: Tianwang-Hong Xiuquan Wang Nan-Feng Yunshan Wangbei-Wei Changhui Wang Xi-Xiao Chaogui Dongwang-Yang Xiu Qing Wang Ji-Shi Dakai.

5. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom marched smoothly, making Tianjing its capital (1March 853).

6. "celestial system"

7. Tianjing Incident-Taiping Heavenly Kingdom turned from prosperity to decline.

8. War in the Late Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

(1) Politically-Hong Rengan's "Senior Minister New Chapter" Li Xiucheng-Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai: Tianjing Defence War

② Militarily, Chen Yucheng-Anhui: Anqing defended the war.

9. The failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement

10. Historical evaluation

(1) failed because of the limitations of farmers and the powerful reactionary forces at home and abroad.

② Historical function

③ Nature

Fourth, the Westernization Movement.

1. The emergence of Westernization School and its representative figures

① Two processes

② group

③ Understanding

④ Proposition and purpose

⑤ Representative figures

2. The main contents of the Westernization Movement are ① the establishment of modern military industry (representing enterprises, management mode (official) and characteristics (three characteristics), slogan (self-improvement) and function), ③ the establishment of modern education and the introduction of western technology, and ④ the establishment of modern navy [Beiyang Navy (1884) → beiyang fleet (1888).

3. The historical role of Westernization Movement

Fifth, the emergence of Chinese national capitalism and the growth of its class strength.

1. Establishment of Chinese national capitalist enterprises (time, place, founder, enterprise name)

2. The status and characteristics of the national bourgeoisie in China ① Status: oppressed and bound.

② Political characteristics: A. Revolutionary B. Weakness, smallness, weak compromise and incompleteness.

3. The emergence and characteristics of the proletariat in China ① precede the bourgeoisie (three sources) ② Political characteristics: concentration → unity and bitterness → firmness and thoroughness of the revolution ③ Early struggle → spontaneous economic struggle.

The war between France and China in intransitive verbs

1. The background of the French war.

2. The main process of the war (the second and third campaigns)

3. The result-China is unbeaten and defeated-Sino-French New Testament

4. Establishment of Taiwan Province Province (1885)

Seven. 1894- 1895 sino-Japanese war

1. War background: China and Japan sent troops to Korea, and there were differences on the issue of withdrawal.

2. Japan raided the Qing army and provoked war.

3. The main course of the war: foreign countries-the battle of Pyongyang, the battle of the Yellow Sea, the battle of Liaodong Peninsula and the battle of Ahava.

4. Result: treaty of shimonoseki.

(1) Time, place and person

② Contents: Land cutting, compensation, port opening and factory building.

③ Harm

5. The influence of war on China society.

Eight, imperialism carved up the frenzy of China.

1. Forms and harms of imperialist capital exporting to China ① Opening banks ② Political loans ③ Building railways ④ Investing in factories ⑤ Mining mines.

2. The semi-colonial characteristics of China's social economy.

3. Imperialism carved up China ① occupied the concession ② divided the sphere of influence.

4. The "open door" policy of the United States

Nine. 1898 reform movement

1. the formation and political characteristics of the reformists ① the historical conditions for the emergence of the reformists ① the economic situation-the initial development of class power of national capitalism-the bourgeoisie began to step onto the historical stage ② the political ideas of the reformers ③ the political characteristics of the reformers-the performance of receiving dual education (tradition+western learning)-politically progressive, but weak, and opposed to the fundamental revolution.

2. Activities of reformists (represented by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao) ① Running a school and giving lectures (ten thousand mu of thatched cottage) ② Writing many times (on the bus) ③ Founding a publication (Chinese and foreign news) ④ Organizing a reformist group: Strong Social Security Association.

3. Implementation and implementation of the Reform Movement of 1898 (1898.6.11) ② The main contents of the reform ③ The laws and regulations of the reform were seriously disturbed and hindered. A. all provinces (except Hunan province) refused to carry out B. Nala's suppression of the reform forces and organized preparations.

4.1failure of the reform movement in 898

War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression on the frontal battlefield;

1, One-sided Anti-Japanese War Line: (1) Content: Relying only on the government and the army; (2) Cause: Class nature determines.

2. Overview of the Anti-Japanese War: (1) 37,8-165438+Battle of Songhu in October-failure; (2) The Battle of Taiyuan in 37 years (the countries cooperated well in the battle)-failure. Pingxingguan Great Victory-the first great victory since the Anti-Japanese War; (3) The Battle of Taierzhuang in 38 years-the biggest victory since the Anti-Japanese War, commanded by Li Zongren.

3. Evaluation: (1) The positive attitude towards the war of resistance defeated Japan's attempt to make a quick decision and cooperated with the opening of the battlefield behind enemy lines. In the defensive stage, the frontal battlefield is the main battlefield of the Anti-Japanese War, and the Kuomintang army is the main force of the Anti-Japanese War. ) (2) The one-sided anti-Japanese war route led to the loss of the frontal battlefield and the collapse of thousands of miles.

Fourth, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in the battlefield behind enemy lines:

1, all-round anti-Japanese war line: 1937 Luochuan meeting in autumn determined the people's war line.

2. Establishment of anti-Japanese base areas: The first area established by the Eighth Route Army was Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei; Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia is the command center and general rear of the national anti-Japanese base areas, and Yan 'an is the seat of the Central Committee.

5. In the spring of 1938, Mao Zedong published "On protracted war", which refuted the arguments of "quick victory" and "national subjugation" and pointed out that War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression is a protracted war, and victory belongs to China, and the way is to implement the people's war line.

Section 2 Japanese colonial rule in enemy-occupied areas

First, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression entered a stalemate.

1. symbol:1In the autumn of 938, Japan occupied Guangzhou and Wuhan-at the same time, it showed that Japan tried to go bankrupt through a quick victory.

2. Reasons: From Japan's point of view: (1) Japan's front line is too long, and its troops, material resources and financial resources are seriously insufficient; (2) Serious threats from the anti-Japanese base areas. From China's point of view: (1) The frontal battlefield has been defeated continuously; (2) The people's anti-Japanese strength needs to be strengthened.

3. Japan changed its policy of invading China: (1) The influence on the Kuomintang: political induction (originally aimed at overthrowing the national government), supplemented by military strikes (originally focused on military strikes): Wang Jingwei openly defected to the enemy (at the end of 38 years) and established the Nanjing traitor regime (40 years); Chiang Kai-shek's national government policy began to be opposed; The situation on the frontal battlefield has deteriorated. (2) the impact on the anti-Japanese base areas led by the * * * Production Party; Concentrate on attacking the * * * production party; Causing difficulties in the anti-Japanese base areas.

Second, Japan's rule in declining areas:

1, economic plunder: policy (strategy)-maintaining war with war; General policy-regard the economy of the occupied area as its vassal economy. Performance: (1) Agriculture: occupying cultivated land and purchasing agricultural products at low prices; (2) plundering the labor force; (3) The purpose of "controlling" the industrial, mining and transportation industry is: raw material base, war needs and profits. (4) Finance: seizing gold, silver and cash; Open a bank; Impose exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees. 2. Ideological culture: slavery education-purpose: to destroy national consciousness and realize its assimilation policy; 3. Colonial rule: policy (strategy)-controlling China with China; North China-strengthening public security movement; Central China-"Family Cleaning Campaign"

Section 3 reactionary policies of the national government

First, the reactionary Kuomintang policy.

1. Reason: (1) Direct reason-Japan's political policy of persuading surrender; (2) The fundamental reason-the big landlord and big bourgeoisie nature of Chiang Kai-shek's national government; (3) The important reason-British and American surrender policy.

2. Logo: 1939, the policy of "solving * * *, preventing * * *, limiting * * *, and opposing * * *" put forward at the Fifth Plenary Session of the Fifth Central Committee of the Kuomintang showed that its policy focus was from opening to the outside world and resisting Japan at home-actively opposing * * * and passively resisting Japan.

3. There are two sides to the policy: I want to surrender to Japan without giving up the anti-Japanese, and I want to oppose * * * but dare not leave-the interweaving of ethnic contradictions and class contradictions.

Second, the performance of internal and external policies:

1, aggression against Japan: (1) passive anti-Japanese policy (route); (2) Event: 1940 Battle of Zaoyi-Zhang Zizhong's Sacrifice (praised by Zhou Enlai as "the model of national soldiers"); 1944, the battle of Henan, Hunan and Guangxi suffered a crushing defeat, which was mainly caused by the passive anti-Japanese and active anti-* * * policies (Japan called it "the battle of mainland traffic lines"-the direct purpose was to save the Nanyang isolated army).

3) Impact: It will worsen the situation on the frontal battlefield.

(2) For the * * * production party: (1) Actively oppose the * * * policy (line); (2) Event: The first anti-* * climax started at the end of 1939 and the beginning of 0940; 194 1 At the beginning of this year, the second anti-X climax was created-the Southern Anhui Incident (indicating that Chiang Kai-shek wanted to fight against X * * but did not dare to break with China X * *): Ye Ting was detained and Xiang Ying was sacrificed-China * * * fought back: political exposure; Military reconstruction of the new fourth army headquarters-Chen Yi as acting commander, Liu Shaoqi as political commissar. * * * is mature in description; * * * Strive for unity through struggle; In the explanation, * * * insists on the firmness of principle and the flexibility of strategy. (3) Impact: It weakened the anti-Japanese forces and undermined the United front.