1, cold weapon versus hot weapon;
2. Hot weapons to mechanized weapons;
3. The change from mechanized weapons to nuclear weapons;
4. The transformation from nuclear weapons to information weapons.
This paper discusses three military revolutions in human history and explains why one of them is called the new military revolution. In terms of politics and economy, the first time happened more than 2,000 years ago. The human society changed from a nomadic society to an agricultural society, and the first comprehensive military revolution took place. At that time, it was from unarmed war to cold weapon war. The second time was 300 years ago, human society was transforming from an agricultural society to an industrial society, and the result of the transformation was that the cold weapon war was transformed into a hot weapon war and a mechanized war. The third great change of human society, from industrial society to information society, led to the third military revolution, which is the new military revolution in the world.
The new military revolution in the world has its profound historical background. This new world military revolution is called the new military revolution in China, and it is called the new military revolution in the United States and western countries. It happened in the 1970s and really started in the 1990s.
Cold weapon era, hot weapon era, the new information military revolution after the emergence of computer technology.
This paper discusses three military revolutions in human history and explains why one of them is called the first time, which happened more than 2000 years ago. The human society changed from a nomadic society to an agricultural society, and the first comprehensive military revolution took place. At that time, it changed from unarmed war to cold weapon war.
The second time was 300 years ago, human society was transforming from an agricultural society to an industrial society, and the result of the transformation was that the cold weapon war was transformed into a hot weapon war and a mechanized war.
The third time was the transformation from industrialized society to information society, which triggered the third military revolution, namely the new military revolution in the world.
The new military revolution in the world has its profound historical background. This new military revolution in the world is called the new military revolution in China and the new military revolution in the United States and western countries. It happened in the 1970s and really started in the 1990s.
Six military revolutions in human history, in the development history of D world military revolution. Due to people's different understanding and classification standards, there are various opinions, such as three military revolutions considered by toffler, a famous American futurist, four military revolutions considered by Dr. Linde and Israeli historian Clifford, six military revolutions considered by Russian Major General Sripchenko, and eleven military revolutions considered by American military theorist Clay Pi Nuo. But as far as the whole military form is concerned, the world military revolution is generally divided into four times: the metallized military revolution in which metal weapons replace wood and stone weapons; Military transformation of gunpowder weapons replacing metal weapons; Mechanized military transformation in which mechanized weapons and equipment replace gunpowder weapons; Information-based military reform.
Tell the story of three military revolutions of mankind and explain why a new military revolution is called cold weapon to hot weapon.
Conventional weapons to nuclear weapons
Precision guided weapons.
The course of military reform: military reform has made the future army look brand-new.
The first appearance of military reform
The economic form of today's society is changing from industrial economy to knowledge economy, and the technical form is changing from mechanization to informationization. The changes in human socio-economic and technological forms will inevitably lead to changes in military forms and accelerate the arrival of knowledge-based military. It can be said that knowledge economy and knowledge military are twin brothers in the economic and military fields in the information society. Knowledge-based economy is an economic form with knowledge as the resource and mental labor as the production form. Knowledge-based military is a military form with knowledge as its resource and intelligent information confrontation as its main combat form.
In the future, the advanced scientific and technological knowledge content of weapons and equipment systems will be higher and higher. The role of knowledge in the army did not begin today, but the proportion and role of knowledge in the army has never been so great as it is today. As the frontier field of high technology, the military field has widely absorbed the achievements of today's high technology, making the role of information increasingly prominent in the war. As the product of the high integration of human scientific and technological knowledge, the development and application of high-tech weapons and equipment condense the latest research results of various basic and applied disciplines, which has a great impact on military activities. For example, with the development of sensing technology, tactical missiles have the ability of over-the-horizon guidance, and the efficiency indexes of combat units such as aircraft, ships, tanks and artillery have been doubled. These high-tech weapons and equipment are knowledge-based tools of military struggle (information is a kind of knowledge). Military knowledge is the inevitable result of high-tech development.
The overall quality of officers will be further improved. Cultivating high-quality officers is undoubtedly the premise of winning the future high-tech war, because man is the life carrier of knowledge and the fundamental support for all knowledge to be finally transformed into material achievements. Different times have different requirements for the quality of soldiers. The era of cold weapons requires soldiers to be strong and skilled, which corresponds to the entity army. In the mechanized era, soldiers are required to skillfully operate and use various weapons, which corresponds to a skilled army. The information age corresponds to the intelligent army. Therefore, attaching importance to the "knowledge-based" construction of the army will become an objective law that is independent of human will. Nowadays, all countries in the world regard cultivating high-level military talents and improving the scientific and cultural quality of officers as the focus of building the army, which makes the number of knowledgeable and skilled officers in the military force composition increase significantly.
"Knowledge soldiers" will enter the ranks of soldiers in large numbers. In the future war, due to the realization of "man-machine" integration, each soldier will no longer be an independent individual, but a subsystem of a complex battlefield system. This soldier system, which integrates knowledge and skills, will make the future war appear with a brand-new look. In recent years, college students from all over the world have continuously entered the ranks of soldiers, which has greatly changed the knowledge structure of the ranks of soldiers. To this end, some developed countries have successively launched the "soldier modernization plan" to vigorously develop the comprehensive combat system of future soldiers, with the aim of preparing for the future "knowledge soldiers." It can be predicted that in the future war, "knowledge soldiers" will be an important part of military forces and play a very important role in the victory or defeat of the war.
The future military confrontation is manifested as "information confrontation" with knowledge as the main content. "Information countermeasure" is a new form and feature of confrontation in information warfare. As opposed to "physical confrontation" and "physical confrontation" in traditional wars. In traditional warfare, battlefield confrontation is determined by the advantages of physical fitness and skills (including weapon efficiency) of both sides. In modern warfare, whether it is individual confrontation, small-scale confrontation or group confrontation, it is no longer a contest between combat units, but an inter-system confrontation with the network as the link and the overall confrontation as the form. Information competition has become the core element of system confrontation. In the confrontation of information network system, soldiers do not rely entirely on the combat platform as in the past. Every soldier is faced with two networked information platforms, his own and the enemy's. "Information becomes the heart of the whole army". All combat resources must rely on information to play a role. In the process of engagement between the two armies, whoever has the fastest access to information, the most possession of information, the strongest ability to process information and the best ability to use information will be able to seize the air and sea control rights and grasp the initiative in the war. Therefore, the struggle for information control will penetrate into all fields of future wars, and will run through the whole process of operations, which will directly affect the success or failure of wars. It should be noted that "information confrontation" does not exclude traditional forms of confrontation such as electronic confrontation, firepower confrontation and mobile confrontation, but exists in various specific forms of confrontation and becomes the "soul" of other kinds of confrontation.
Information-based army goes to the battlefield
As the main body of military struggle, in the evolution of military reform, the army has obviously changed from a mechanized army to an information-based army.
The first thing here is that weapons and equipment are more informationized. 2 1 Century Army's weapon and equipment system will be highly informationized. This highly informationized weapon and equipment system has the characteristics of comprehensive integration, intelligence and high efficiency. The so-called comprehensive integration is mainly to closely combine all kinds of main battle weapons with C4ISR system, so that combatants, combat platforms and firearms can be brought into a unified network system. The so-called intelligence refers to the high informationization of weapons and equipment, which enables more and more weapon systems to automatically detect and identify targets, grasp the best attack opportunity, and accurately strike targets, showing a high degree of intelligence. The so-called high efficiency means high comprehensive operational efficiency. The lethality of high-tech weapons, such as precision-guided weapons, new military satellites, command automation systems, electronic warfare equipment, and anti-missile systems, has doubled, the strike accuracy has been unprecedentedly improved, and the comprehensive combat capability has been greatly enhanced. This information-based weaponry system will make the future battlefield highly transparent.
The command and control of military forces are networked. The army command and control system will make use of advanced digital communication, computers and networks and other high technologies to continuously expand into outer space, to combat units and firepower units, and organically weave all kinds of weapon systems of command departments at all levels and battlefields, all participating troops and even individual soldiers into a unified network, forming a full-dimensional combat space, which will significantly enhance the survivability and stability of the army information system, speed up information transmission, improve the enjoyment of resources and lower the command level.
Simulated military training. Through virtual reality technology, we can simulate military training activities such as troops, battlefield, attack, battle, command and control. With the wide application of virtual reality technology in the military field, various military training activities have begun to change from physical objects to virtualization, and various military training activities can be completed without visiting the site. This kind of military training activity, which can be completed in the combat laboratory, enables the troops to carry out military training, discuss tactics and verify operational theories without actually using soldiers. In the Gulf War, although the American army lacked operational experience in desert areas, it still defeated the Iraqi army. This is mainly because the US military practiced various operations in the same battlefield environment with the help of computer simulation technology before entering the war.
Smart military action. High-tech weapons and equipment, mainly intelligent weapons and command automation, have profoundly changed the traditional way of fighting, forcing the army to completely change from physical fitness and skills to wisdom, and thus the human war has entered the era of "intelligent war" from "strength". With the informationization of weapons and equipment, more and more weapon systems can automatically detect and identify targets, and can accurately strike targets at the best time. 2 1 century, a large number of robots with remote control and "self-control" capabilities will flood into the battlefield. They may replace manned tanks and become the core weapons in the future battlefield. In addition, intelligent ammunition composed of sensors, information processors and guidance devices can selectively attack targets without manual control. This highly intelligent army will have the ability of all-dimensional perception, global strike, precise operation and all-round protection.
Accurate operational support. With the development of military weapons and equipment system in the direction of informationization, intelligence and integration, it is required that operational support should be accurate. For example, the emerging support theories such as "centralized support", "precise support" and "focusing on logistics" all require that all kinds of assets, including materials in transit, can be tracked and transferred in time, so as to make a quick response and provide timely and accurate material support for military operations, with special emphasis on integrating information, support and transportation technologies to achieve lean and efficient precise operational support. (Li Daguang)
Why did the new military revolution come?
At present, the countries that are most keen on this military revolution are mainly those military powers, especially the United States and other western military powers. However, it was not the Americans who first saw the military reform, but the generals of the former Soviet Union.
As early as the late 1970s, a group of military strategists, represented by Ogarkov, Chief of General Staff of the Soviet Union, predicted that the application of information technology in the military field would surely trigger a new revolution. They call this epoch-making revolution "military technology revolution", and think that this "military technology revolution" is making profound changes in the developing new technology weapons and equipment, and will fundamentally break the worn-out military theory, and it is likely that there will be more effective weapons of destruction than nuclear weapons, thus affecting all aspects of the military field. In the early 1990s, the Gulf War officially kicked off the world military revolution. In this war, the multinational forces led by the United States have achieved the greatest military benefits at the least cost, which has transformed the war into a new form based on information processing capabilities and taking stealth and long-range precision strikes as important means. By 1993, Marshall, then director of the basic evaluation office of the US Department of Defense, thought that the technological revolution was not enough to reflect the full connotation of this military revolution, and proposed to replace the "military technological revolution" with "new military revolution". From 65438 to 0998, former US Secretary of Defense Perry gave a special explanation to the definition of the new military revolution in his annual national defense report. He believes that today's world military revolution is a military system that combines new technology, innovative operational theory and reformed military organization system, which fundamentally changes the characteristics of military operations and the way of conducting wars. Simply put, it is "three innovations and two changes."
The emergence and development of everything has certain social and historical background. The emergence and development of today's military revolution is the inevitable result of the transformation of human society from the industrial age to the information age, the inevitable result of the need of international political struggle and the promotion of scientific and technological progress, and the inevitable reflection of the law of contradictory movement in the world military field, with a specific background of the times and internal historical motivation.
Society is the mother of military revolution. As an important field of human social activities, military activities always change with the depth of social change. Since 1950s, with the rapid development of information technology, the generation, exchange, transmission, control and utilization of information have undergone profound changes. The current military revolution has been deeply branded with the information age. For example, information, as a strategic resource, has become a new important part of combat effectiveness; High-tech achievements with information technology as the core are materialized into weapons and equipment, forming high-tech weapons and equipment, which plays a vital role in improving military strength and winning the war. In the information age, the new concept of life and mode of production have influenced the military theory, which has caused corresponding changes in the form, theory, method and style of war. For example, in the industrial society, mechanization leads to mass production, while in the information society, informatization ends mass production in many economic sectors, and production is based on "accurate" production mode. This thought led to the emergence of today's precision warfare theory, and finally led to the transformation from mechanized warfare to information warfare. Similarly, the efficient and intensive labor structure in the information age also affects the organizational structure and institutional establishment of the military accordingly. It has become the common goal of military construction in all countries in the information age to build an information and intelligent highly synthetic army. It can be said that achieving a high degree of informationization of the military system is the core content of this military revolution.
Military needs, especially war needs, have always been the internal driving force for the emergence and development of the military revolution. Without a certain demand, military development and change will lose direction and motivation. Military revolution is not a simple and natural objective material movement, but a dynamic behavior against the subject, which is the inevitable result of strategic demand-driven and strategic subject selection. This military revolution was formed and developed under the situation of great changes in the world security situation and new military needs. After the end of the Cold War, new military demands have changed the forms and means of military struggle. These changes are mainly manifested in: first, local wars and regional armed conflicts have replaced large-scale wars in the past and become the main forms of military struggle; Second, conventional high-tech weapons and equipment have replaced the previous weapons of mass destruction and become the main means of military struggle; Third, the precise, differentiated and limited use of military power has replaced the "unlimited use of military power" and become an important way of military struggle. In recent years, regional wars, especially the Gulf War and the Kosovo War, have played an intrinsic role in promoting this military change.
Military Revolution is a complex systematic project and an innovative activity facing risks. Therefore, a relatively stable peaceful environment is needed for careful strategic planning, and a large amount of funds and materials are needed to ensure that the army can carry out various experiments. At the same time, such an experiment cannot bear the risk of wartime. Therefore, a relatively stable peaceful environment is an indispensable external condition for the emergence of the military revolution. History has proved that profound military revolutions often occur in relatively stable times of peace, rather than being promoted by tragic war practice. A relatively stable international environment is conducive to all countries to concentrate on thinking and planning military revolution, to use the achievements of economic and scientific and technological development to promote army building, and to provide a strong guarantee for the occurrence and development of military revolution.
How many jihad have there been in European history? The First Crusade (1096- 1099)
Background: Pope UrbanⅡ called on Europeans to organize an expedition to help the Eastern Roman Empire resist the Turks in the Middle East and liberate Jerusalem.
The end: The Crusaders recaptured Jerusalem and established four kingdoms, including Jerusalem and Edesa.
Second Crusade (1147-1148)
Background: Muslim troops destroyed the Kingdom of Edesa, and the second Crusade was organized by German Emperor Conrad III and French King Louis VII.
Results: The Turkish army defeated the German army and the French army respectively, and the Crusaders returned in vain.
Background of the Third Crusade (1189-1192): Muslim hero Saladin led Muslim troops to destroy the kingdom of Jerusalem. German Emperor Frederick I, French King Philip II and British King Richard I once again formed the Crusade.
Results: The French king and the British king disagreed, so they withdrew their troops and returned to China. The Kaiser accidentally drowned while crossing the river. After reaching a three-year truce with Saladin, the lion psychologist was kidnapped by the Duke of Austria on his way back to China, and Britain redeemed him with a ransom of 654.38 million marks.
The Fourth Crusade (1202- 1204)
Background: Pope Innocent III organized the Fourth Crusade.
Outcome: On the way to the Eastern Expedition, the Eastern Roman Empire had a battle for the throne. In the name of pacifying civil strife, the Crusaders captured and looted Constantinople, destroyed the Eastern Roman Empire and established the Latin Empire. The crusaders were discredited from then on.