2 English reference amoeba movement
Note that the deformation movement is the deformation movement of cells, which is the most typical in protozoa amoeba. Deformation movement is also called pseudopodia movement. Metamorphic movement is not only a unique form of movement of poda, but also an attribute of various metamorphic cells or wandering cells, which are widely distributed in metazoa. Deformation movement includes cell movement (such as amoeba) that attaches pseudopodes to substrates. Metamorphic fungi, ascaris lumbricoides, primitive germ cells of vertebrates, lymphocytes, white blood cells, excretory wandering cells of lower invertebrates, growing nerve fibers, etc. ), as well as local movements (such as foraminifera, sunworms, reticular endothelial cells of vertebrates, macrophages, etc. ) makes the free prosthetic foot bend and flex only during eating. Cells in tissue culture, as well as morphogenesis during cell division and embryogenesis, all have deformation movement factors. The way of deformation movement can change according to the type of cells, especially the type of pseudopodia. As the basic type of the whole deformation movement, amoeba with phyllopods (especially slug amoeba and deformed amoeba) is being deeply studied. There is a thin cell membrane on the body surface, which is called PLA lemma. Below the plasma membrane, there is a layer of flowing transparent ectoplasm. The inner layer of ectoplasm is a cylindrical shell formed by viscous but non-flowing gel, the inner layer is endoplasm, and the endoplasm is a flowing sol enclosed in the shell. Sol continuously flows to the moving direction of amoeba, forming pseudopoda at the front end. Due to the adhesion of plasma membrane, pseudopodia is attached to the substrate, while the gelatinous substance behind the cell is transformed into gelatinous substance, and the gelatinous substance in front of the cell is transformed into gelatinous substance (solidification-dissolution transformation), which are the two main reasons for deformation and movement. The speed of deformation motion is 0.54.6 μ m/s ... Filamentous pseudopodia and axial pseudopodia have different motion forms. We can see that the former is pure protoplasm flow and the latter is typical protoplasm contraction. Contraction proteins can be separated and purified from amoeba and white blood cells, and they show the deformation movement of myofibrillar protein and myosin. The physical and chemical properties of these substances are similar to those isolated from rabbit rhabdomyositis and Proteus. F- myofibrillar protein with a diameter of 6 nm is polymerized from myofibrils, which exist in the form of microfilaments in cells. It can be considered that the movement of amoeba, like striated muscle, is the result of the interaction between ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and these contractile proteins. There are well-developed axoneme (pseudopodoid axis) in the axial (needle) pseudopodia of helioworms and radiolarians, with a diameter of 25 nanometers and strong birefringence (birefringence). It can be considered that the structure and contractility of pseudopodia depend on these axoneme, but the structure of axoneme is not clear.