The Southern and Northern Dynasties was a split period in China's history after the Jin Dynasty, which began in 420 AD and ended in 589 when the Northern Sui Dynasty wiped out the Southern Chen, totaling 169 years.
In 420 AD, Emperor Wudi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty abolished the independence of the Eastern Jin Emperor, with the title Song. From then on 160 years, the south experienced four dynasties, namely Song Dynasty, Qi Dynasty, Liang Dynasty and Chen Dynasty, which was always called the Southern Dynasty in history. In 386 AD, Tuoba GUI, the leader of Tuoba Department, established the Northern Wei Dynasty; In 439 AD, the Yellow River Basin was unified. At the beginning of the 6th century, Northern Wei was divided into Eastern Wei and Western Wei. Since then, the Eastern Wei Dynasty has been replaced by the Northern Qi Dynasty. Western Wei Dynasty was replaced by Northern Zhou Dynasty. Historically, the five dynasties in the north have always been called the Northern Dynasties.
In the south, although it has experienced four regime changes, namely, the Southern Qi Dynasty, the Southern Qi Dynasty and the Chen Dynasty, the capital of the Southern Dynasties has been built in Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) except that Emperor Liang Yuan established Jiangling as its capital for three years. Liu Song Dynasty (420-479) was one of the largest, strongest and longest-ruling regimes in China, with four generations and eight emperors, totaling 59 years. Nanqi (479-502) only had a short period of 23 years. However, due to frequent wars and killings, it experienced three generations and seven emperors, and changed an emperor every three years on average, which was a very rapid change of emperors in China history. The Liang Dynasty (502-557) experienced three generations and four emperors, among which Emperor Xiao Yan enjoyed the longest time in the country, nearly half a century. Chen (557-589) reigned for 33 years and experienced three generations and five emperors. The disadvantages of Chen Cheng's decline are its narrow territory, weak population and weak power. In addition, the rulers were extremely corrupt and eventually died at the hands of the Sui Dynasty.
Song; In 420 AD, Emperor Wu of Song abolished Jin Emperor's independence and became known as Song. In order to distinguish it from the Song Dynasty established by Zhao Kuangyin in later generations, historians call it "Liu Song". Because Emperor Wu of Song was born in poverty, and saw the lessons of the collapse of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he no longer reused the noble family after he acceded to the throne. Most of its employees were born in poverty, and the military power was mainly given to their own princes, so they did not repeat the mistakes of the big clan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. However, due to the warlord's struggle for power and profit, he eventually killed each other, which was unexpected by Emperor Wu of Song. In 422, Emperor Wu of Song died, and Emperor Wen acceded to the throne one after another. From 425, the thirty years of Liu Wendi Yilong was the most prosperous period of the Song Dynasty, when the economy and culture of the south really developed. However, Liu Wendi Emperor Yi Long was overjoyed and ordered the Northern Expedition. Both northern expeditions failed. Instead, Emperor Tuoba Tao of the Northern Wei Dynasty seized the opportunity to return to the north bank of the Yangtze River with key cavalry groups. At this point, the strategic advantage of the South was completely lost. During this period, Wei in Song Dynasty and Northern Dynasty suffered heavy losses, although each had its own victories and defeats. However, compared with the Northern Dynasties, the Southern Dynasties suffered more losses and more defeats, and the Southern Army was unable to compete for the Central Plains, so it turned to the strategic defense stage. However, the Northern Dynasties soon fell into numerous domestic contradictions. Soon, the Northern Wei Emperor Wu Tai was assassinated by eunuchs. At this point, both the north and the south are unable to have another war. Since then, the north and south have been relatively stable. In 453 AD, Liu Song Wendi was killed by his son. After the death of Emperor Wendi, Emperor Xiaowu of Song Dynasty and Ming Di became emperors successively, but they were both famous tyrants. Not only were they suspicious of the generals, but brothers also killed each other, and politics was once chaotic. During this period, Xiao Daocheng, the secretariat of Southern Yanzhou, took advantage of the political chaos and formed a powerful force. In 479, Xiao Daocheng destroyed the Song Dynasty and established the State of Qi. At this point, the Song Dynasty was declared dead.
Qi; Qi has the shortest existence in the four dynasties, only 23 years. Xiao Daocheng, the Emperor of Qi, learned the lesson from the demise of the Song Dynasty and advocated frugality based on generosity. He was in power for four years. Before he died, he asked his son Emperor Wu to continue to rule his policy and not to kill each other. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty continued to rule the country according to his own will, which led to a relatively stable development stage of the Southern Dynasties. After the death of Liang Wudi, the Emperor of Qi embarked on the old road of the demise of the Song Dynasty. They killed their brothers, relatives and uncles one after another. By the time they were unconscious in the East, they almost executed all the ministers in the DPRK because of their suspicion. In this way, Qi moved passively again. In 50 1 year, Xiao Yan, the secretariat of Yongzhou, attacked Jiankang, ending the rule of Qi.
Light beam; Xiao Yan, the founder of Liang Dynasty, was good at literature. In 499, he was appointed as the secretariat of Yongzhou. Taking advantage of the civil strife in Qi, he sent troops to seize the throne and established the Liang Dynasty. Xiao Yan is Liang Wudi who reigned for 48 years. During the reign of Liang Wudi, Wei in the north had declined and could no longer pose a threat to the south. This should have been a great opportunity for the development of the south, but Emperor Wu was incompetent and connived at the ministers exploiting the people, but he ignored the suggestions of some loyal ministers on the pretext of his frugality. In 548 AD, Hou Jing, the general of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, surrendered to Liang. He regarded Xiao, the son of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, as his close friend and attacked Liang. The following year, Hou Jing captured Taicheng. At this point, Liang Wudi had already starved to death in the city, and his son Xiao Gang acceded to the throne as Emperor Liang Jianwen. In 55 1 year, Hou Jing was killed, and Liang was completely on the verge of collapse. In 557 AD, Liang was destroyed and Chen was established, which was developed in the war with the late Jin Dynasty. At this point, Liang declared his demise.
Chen; In 557 AD, Emperor Liang Jingdi was abolished, and he became emperor on his own and established Chen Wei. At this time, after years of war in southern China, the economy was severely damaged. The country established on this basis is doomed to be short-lived. Chen Wudi and his successors, Wendi and Xuan Di, successively wiped out Wang Sengbian, Wang Monk and other opposition armed forces, and defeated the Beiqi army near Jiankang. Liang's rule has been consolidated to some extent, but after all, due to the decline of national strength, Chen's rule is limited to the south of the Yangtze River and the east of Yichang. In 583 AD, Emperor Chen died. His son Chen acceded to the throne. At this time, the north was unified by the Sui Dynasty, and national reunification was just around the corner. In 589 AD, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen, ending the division of China for nearly 300 years.
The history of the Southern Dynasties is the history of the gentry from prosperity to decline. The imperial power in the Southern Dynasties was relatively strong. Although the gentry had a noble social status, they could not completely control the political situation. With the development of Jiangnan, the indigenous cold people gradually rose politically and stepped into the bureaucratic class, which was relied on by the emperor. From the era of Liang and Chen, local tyrants in the southern mainland have also become a separatist force.
The Southern Dynasty was a court established by the Han nationality in the south after the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Although their existence is only a few decades, their rule as the Han nationality has preserved and developed the Han culture. Therefore, the Southern Dynasties played an important role in the history of China and made great contributions to the development of China civilization.
In the late Sixteenth Country, Tuoba, an extremely backward minority, became stronger and stronger, defeating Hou Yan and entering the Central Plains. After the establishment of the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534), the separatist regime was eliminated, the north was unified, and the long-term melee in northern China was ended. Northern China began to enter the Northern Dynasties.
According to the habit of historians, in 439 AD, Emperor Tuoba Tao of the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the North, which is usually considered as the first year of the Northern Dynasty.
Founded 150 years ago, the Northern Wei Dynasty experienced nine dynasties 12 emperors, which was the most influential dynasty in the history of the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
In 423 1 1 month, Tuoba Tao, the ancestor of the Northern Wei Dynasty (later Emperor Taizu of posthumous title) ascended the throne. During his unification of the north, the north has gradually begun to restore productivity, and the people of the Central Plains also tend to the Northern Wei Dynasty. Emperor Mao was very good at using cavalry. He led light cavalry to attack the desert many times, defeated Rouran and fled Rouxi. The latter became Alva who later shocked Europe. Even Xia, Beiyan and Beiliang perished, Tuguhun was driven out of the Central Plains in the west, and the north was unified.
In the early Northern Wei Dynasty, Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi) was the capital. Later, Emperor Xiaowen implemented sinicization on a large scale, and the political center was transferred to Luoyang, the hinterland of the Central Plains.
At the beginning of the northern Wei dynasty, the system of supervision and protection was implemented. Since the second half of the 5th century, its sinicization trend has accelerated, and Justin, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, created the golden age of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In 493 AD, Emperor Xiaowen moved to Luoyang. At the same time, Emperor Xiaowen changed the Tuoba family of Xianbei nationality to Yuan family. In addition, he also banned the use of Xianbei language and wearing Xianbei costumes, and issued a decree announcing the absorption of Chinese culture. Emperor Xiaowen tried to achieve the goal of integration with the Han nationality by limiting his own culture. Emperor Xiaowen implemented the three-long system, promulgated the system of equal land, moved the capital to Luoyang, and carried out a series of measures to reform the old customs of Xianbei. Through a series of reforms by Emperor Xiaowen, the advanced culture and political system of the Han nationality were completely integrated into the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the northern part of China entered the stage of national integration.
After the death of Emperor Xiaowen, due to the opposition of some conservative nobles and Xianbei warriors. The rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty gradually abandoned the previous policy of national reconciliation and restored the privileges of the Xianbei nationality, so new contradictions appeared and the Northern Wei Dynasty began to decline gradually. In the fourth year of Xiaoming (523), six towns revolted, and the Northern Wei Dynasty fell into division and civil war. Xianbei people, breathing the new features of China's history, gradually merged into the big family of the Chinese nation. Soon, even the surnames of Xianbei people disappeared. However, Emperor Xiaowen's goodwill in looking forward to great national integration has carved an indelible monument in the historical corridor of the Chinese nation, showing the historical process of great national integration.
At the end of Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Gao Huan and Yu Wentai, two powerful ministers, divided the northern Wei region into two parts: the east and the west. Yecheng was the capital of the Eastern Wei Dynasty (534-550), and the capital was 1, and the Western Wei Dynasty (535-556) was Chang 'an, which lasted for 22 years. The Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties were replaced by Northern Qi Dynasty (550-577) and Northern Zhou Dynasty (557-58 1). The Northern Qi Dynasty was a political power established by Xianbei Han nationality. It was founded 28 years ago and has gone through three generations and six emperors. In 577 AD, the Zhou Dynasty perished and the north was reunified. The Northern Zhou Dynasty was ruled by Yuwen Xianbei people, which lasted for 24 years and consisted of three generations and five emperors. In 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi, the consort of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, abolished Jingdi's independence and changed his name to Sui, becoming Wendi, and the Northern Dynasty ended. Finally, the Northern Sui Dynasty (also known as the Northern Sui Dynasty) destroyed Nanchen and unified China. The Northern and Southern Dynasties are over.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, a new religion spread and developed rapidly, which was Buddhism introduced into China from the Han Dynasty. Xianbei people believe in Buddhism all over the country. Buddhism, which occupies an important position in the history of China civilization, laid the foundation around the Northern Wei Dynasty. During this period, people's belief in Bodhisattva was very popular. People believe that they don't need to practice by themselves, but they can cross over by asking the Bodhisattva for help. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, with the spread of Buddhism, the development of Buddha statues, murals, grottoes and temples also made unprecedented progress. Therefore, there are many statues of temples and grottoes all over the world, among which the Thousand Buddha Cave in Dunhuang, Yungang Grottoes, Longmen Grottoes and Maijishan Grottoes have become the treasures in the treasure house of China sculpture art, and then new sects such as Tantric Buddhism and Zen Buddhism have been added to Buddhism. Until today, Buddhism, like Taoism and Confucianism, has been deeply rooted in China.
In addition, literature and art developed in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. With the appearance of landscape poems, the long-standing painting tradition of expressing characters began to change, and landscape scenery also became the content of painting. In the Southern Dynasties, there were many painters who were famous for their figure paintings, and some people painted landscapes that were "a stone's throw away, away from Wan Li". The Catalogue of Ancient Paintings, written by Sheikh of Southern Qi Dynasty, studies the painting theory. The "six methods" summarized by him are not limited to figure painting, which has a great influence on later generations. There were also many famous calligraphers in the Southern Dynasties. Qian Zi Wen, written by Wang Xizhi's descendant and Chen Rushui's monk Zhiyong, is a famous relic of the Southern Dynasties that can be seen today. Li Daoyuan's Notes on the Water Mirror and Jia Sixie's The Book of Qi Yao Min have both become classics handed down from generation to generation.
The Southern Dynasties also made great achievements in science. Zu Chongzhi, a native of Song and Qi Dynasties, was the first person in the world to make the pi accurate to seven digits after the decimal point, that is, between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. During the Southern Dynasties, the calendar and steelmaking technology were improved. In medicine and pharmacology, Tao Hongjing has made remarkable contributions, and his "Elbow Queen" is widely circulated and has far-reaching influence.
Since the demise of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Northern and Southern Dynasties have become one of the few periods of division between the North and the South in China's history. Although its formation has brought about the stagnation of economic development, the great ethnic integration in the Yellow River Basin caused by foreign domination of the Central Plains is unprecedented in the history of China. It is under this condition that all ethnic groups in northern China gradually assimilated into the Han nationality and eventually became the same nation. It is this role that has laid a good foundation for China to become a unified country in the future. Therefore, we say that the division of the Northern and Southern Dynasties has played an extremely important role in accelerating national reunification and is an indispensable link in the development of the Chinese nation.
Lineage of Northern and Southern Dynasties:
From 420 to 479, the lineages of the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty were established by Emperor Wu Jiankang.
Xiao Daocheng Jiankang, 479 -502, was a Qi family in the Southern Dynasties.
During the Southern Dynasties, the beam system was established from 502 to 557.
Chen in the Southern Dynasties was a health worker from 557 to 589.
From 386 to 534, the lineage of the Northern Dynasties and the Northern Wei Dynasty was Tuoba Guiping City.
(In 439, Tuoba GUI unified the North and became the beginning of the Northern Dynasty)
From 534 to 550 AD, Yuan Shan met Ye in the Eastern Wei lineage of the Northern Dynasties.
The lineage of the Northern Dynasties and the Western Wei Dynasty was Yuan Baoju Chang 'an in 535 -557.
From 550 to 577, the lineage of the Northern Dynasties and the Northern Qi Dynasty.
557 -58 1 year, Chang 'an, Yuwenjue, Northern Dynasties and Northern Zhou Dynasty.
The establishment of sui dynasty
Sui Wendi (54 1-604) was born in Huayin County, Hongnong County (now Shaanxi Province). father
Yang Zhong was a hero who helped Yu Wentai establish the Northern Zhou Dynasty. He is a pillar country and a big country, and was appointed as lord protector. Mother Lu Kutao was born in Fengyi prajna temple on June 13th in the seventh year of the Western Wei Dynasty (54 1). And the dragon, "serious, powerful, outside the wood and inside the people, rough". With his father's position and his own talent, he inherited the title of vassal from the Duke of Ji Cheng County and the Duke of Daxing County. In the fifth year of Jiande (576), Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was the right military commander. He cut Qi from the Northern Zhou Emperor, broke Yecheng, and became a pillar country. In order to carve up the governor of Dingzhou, he and Yu Wenxian together destroyed the last rebel in Beiqi-Rencheng Aric. In the first year of Zheng Xuan (578), Xuan Di, the Northern Zhou Emperor, succeeded to the throne and made Lihua, the eldest daughter of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, the queen. The country with the firm as its pillar, Fu, soon became a big suspect. Every time he goes out on patrol, Xuan Di often orders his spouse, Emperor Wendi Sui, to stay in Beijing, so his position is becoming more and more important. Xuan Di in the Northern Zhou Dynasty was a dissolute and shameless tyrant. He is addicted to vocal music, "gathering more beautiful women to make a real harem." Made five queens. The promulgation of the "Sacred System of Criminal Classics" was harsh in usage. Many people were killed by sticks from outside to ladies-in-waiting, so that "people are afraid inside and outside, people are uneasy, and they all seek to avoid it, so they have no solid ambition." This kind of situation is naturally very beneficial for Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty to seize power. The Northern Zhou regime, originally established by Xianbei Yuwen, largely relied on the strength of Han scholars. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, a famous scholar, was born in Hongnong Yang, and there were 3,000 clan soldiers (private soldiers of Yang). He has some political plans. He once said to his best friend Guo Rong, "I look up to the sky and look down on people. The weekly calendar is used up, I will replace it. " . When Pang Huang was the general manager of Dingzhou, he once suggested to him: "Any elite soldier of Yan State, if he moves people today, the world will be unprofitable." (3) Emperor Wendi of Sui felt that although the time had not come, it naturally attracted more and more people and formed a powerful political group. Among them, Zheng Yi, Gao Jiong and Li. In the second year of Xiang Dynasty (580), Zhou Tianzi died, and his eight-year-old son Yu Wenchan succeeded to the throne. So the political group headed by Emperor Wendi seized the opportunity to seize power. Under the planning of Zheng Yi, a doctor of literature and history, Jiao Zhao led Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty into the General Hospital to take charge of internal and external affairs.
The military. At the same time, in the name of Wang Zhao Yuwen's proposal to marry a Turkic daughter, all the vassal kings who were far away from the Northern Zhou Dynasty were recruited into Beijing to prevent them from resisting. In this way, Emperor Wendi of Sui quickly grasped the military and political power of the Northern Zhou Dynasty with Prime Minister Zuo Da. At this time, however, the local power group, headed by Wei Chijiong, general manager of Xiangzhou, which opposed Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, immediately launched an armed confrontation. Sima Xiaonan, general manager of Yunzhou, and Wang Qian, general manager of Yizhou, responded one after another. There are hundreds of thousands of ChiJiong, Zhou, and Zhou in the north of Wei. "Gao Baoning is connected with the Turks in the north, and Chen cut the land of Jianghuai in the south" (1), which is extremely powerful. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty sent Wei Xiaokuan to attack Xiangzhou with heavy troops, respectively, with Wang Yi, attacking Yun and Iraq. Although this is a power struggle within the ruling class, the people who have long been tired of chaos hope to have a' good emperor'. Wei Chijiong said, "Those who have been confused and overcome difficulties, but under ordinary people, do not have the ability to combine", while "those who are in the DPRK are mostly for their own use, and competition is more effective than Yang" (2), which shows the opposition of the people at that time. Due to proper military handling, the three rebels were quickly defeated. Wei Chijiong committed suicide after the defeat, Si Manan fled to the Chen Dynasty, and Wang Qian was also killed. The victory of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty stabilized the internal ruling order. Then he killed Bay for treason.
Zhao Yu Wenzhao, Yue Yusheng, Chen Yuchun, Wang Yu Wenda, Teng Yuwenti, etc. , eliminated the opposition of Xianbei people. At the same time, it also attracted some Xianbei nobles such as Yuan Yong, Yu Wenxin and so on. In this way, the regime change plan of Sui Wendi Group will no longer be hindered. In February of the first year of Dading (58 1), Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was promoted to king together with the Duke of Wan, and after some abdication, he officially proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Sui (3), changed to emperor and made Chang 'an his capital. Historically, he was called Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty. From then on, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty replaced the Hu regime that ruled North China for a long time with Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty.