Knowledge points of two Russian reforms 1
Peter I reform
1, the development of Russia:
Late 9th century: Eastern Slavs founded Kiev Ross1the first half of 3rd century: Kiev Ross was conquered by Mongols14th century: Moscow Principality was founded15th century: Moscow Principality unified Russia16th century: Ivan IV, Grand Duke of Moscow, ascended the throne and was called "Tsar".
2. The background of Peter I's reform: Russian serfdom was prevalent, closed and backward. Agriculture and handicrafts mainly use serf labor, and the development of industry and commerce is extremely slow. Goal: Consolidate feudal autocracy, get rid of backwardness and make Qiang Bing a rich country. Methods: Call for learning from the West, promulgate a series of laws and regulations, and carry out reform in an all-round way.
Time:1leader of the early 8th century: Peter I.
Material 1: "Encourage the establishment of handicraft workshops and allow workshop owners to buy serfs from the whole village." By the time Peter I died, more than 240 manual workshops had been built in Russia. Iron and linen produced in Russia have been exported to the British market. However, the labor force in the workshop is still dominated by serfs. It is a top-down feudal reform with capitalist color.
Impact: Material 2: Textbook P7 "Russian Territory Expansion Map" and P8 "Building New Capital St. Petersburg".
Material 3: modern cavalry, navy, artillery and academy of sciences
Material 4: The living environment of serfs is bad.
Good: ① Russia's economic and military strength has been greatly enhanced, and Russia has become a European military power, which has prepared conditions for foreign expansion.
(2) Peter I's reform aimed at Qiang Bing, learning western science and technology, and started the process of Russian modernization. Limitations: the feudal serfdom was further strengthened and became an obstacle to the development of Russian society.
Knowledge points of two Russian reforms II
Abolish serfdom
1, background:
It can be seen that in the middle of19th century, the development of Russian capitalism lags behind that of major capitalist countries.
It can be seen that class contradictions have further intensified and serf riots have occurred frequently.
Feudal serfdom (Russia) VS capitalist industrial civilization (Britain, France, Turkey) "The Crimean War was characterized by a desperate struggle between a nation that used primitive forms of production and several nations with modern production." Engels can see that the Crimean war was disastrous, Russia's international status declined, and domestic contradictions intensified.
2. Purpose:
Material 1: "It is better to abolish serfdom and liberate serfs from top to bottom than to wait for serfs to rise from bottom to top to liberate themselves." -Alexander II 186 1 year March
Material 2: You will be sure that all the measures that can safeguard the interests of the landlord have been done one by one.
-Alexander II
(1) Direct purpose: to ease class contradictions.
(2) The fundamental purpose: to consolidate the rule.
(3) Other purposes: developing capitalist economy; Enhance the ability to resist the aggression and expansion of western European countries.
3. Commencement sign: 186 1 year, the decree abolishing serfdom was promulgated.
4. Content: (1) serfs gain personal freedom, can change their identity and freely change their occupations; (Freedom) (2) After the serf is "liberated", he can get a piece of land, but he must pay (high price) for it. (land)
5. Nature: It is the top-down bourgeois reform implemented by the Tsar.
6. Impact: Material1:1860-1890, Russian pig iron production increased by 2 times, steel production and cotton textile industry increased by 3 times, while coal production increased by 19 times and oil production increased by more than 200 times. During this period, Russia's total industrial output value increased by six times, and the railway line increased by more than 35 times.
-Social and Economic History of Russia
An important turning point in Russian history. (2) The abolition of serfdom pushed Russia onto the road of capitalist development. Material 2: Alexander II: "Please be sure that all measures that can safeguard the interests of landlords have been done one by one." Lenin: "When farmers are free, they are completely deprived." (3) The remnants of serfdom still exist, affecting the economic and social development of Russia. Knowledge summary:
Comparison of similarities and differences: Comparing the similarities and differences between Peter I's reform and the reform in 186 1 (1), the similarities are as follows: ① The methods are the same: they are all top-down reforms of the czar; ② The influence is the same: they all promote the development of Russian capitalism. (2) Difference: ① Different background: Peter I's reform is to change the backward appearance of Russia; The reform in 186 1 was a serious crisis of Russian serfdom. ② The content is different: Peter I's reform mainly focuses on strengthening centralization, expanding military power, developing economy, promoting school education and reforming social customs, etc., without touching serfdom at all; 186 1 the reform in was mainly to abolish serfdom. ③ Different in nature: Peter I's reform was a reform of the feudal landlord class; The reform of 186 1 is bourgeois. ④ Different influences: Peter I's reform strengthened Russia's serfdom and national strength, and made Russia embark on the road of expansion and aggression; Although the reform in 186 1 was not thorough, it made Russia embark on the capitalist road, which was a major turning point in Russian history.
Skills of learning junior high school history well
First, the "serial" method.
It is to summarize and link those seemingly unrelated knowledge points that span time and space into one piece for memory. For example, if all the dynasties in China's ancient history are arranged in order, it is not so easy to remember them simply. If they are combined into a song in the form of jingle, it will be catchy and interesting. It is easy to recite and master, and it will naturally get twice the result with half the effort.
Let's take a look at the links to the following knowledge points: Yao Shun Zhou/Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period/Qin Liu/Eastern Han Three Kingdoms Hegemony/Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties Confrontation/Sui Wendi started to fight against Sui/Li Yuan started to fight against Sui Dynasty/Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were broken/Song Liao Western Xia Duo War/Jin Yuan was not peaceful/Qing State was established after the Ming Dynasty.
Second, the method of "dividing troops and hitting together".
This method, like the strategy and tactics used in the battle, decomposes every major historical event into parts, learns and remembers them separately, and then integrates them.
For example, when reviewing the historical event of "Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising", we can remember it in three steps: the first step is to grasp the background of the uprising; The second step is to master the process of the uprising; The third step is to grasp the historical significance of the event. On the basis of grasping separately, according to the internal relations of events, grasping as a whole and remembering comprehensively will not deceive the world.
Third, the "association expansion" method.
In other words, when reviewing and mastering relevant knowledge, we should expand associations from one to another and organically combine similar problems. The benefits of this can often get the effect of killing many birds with one stone.
For example, if we look back at the content of the Treaty of Xin Chou in China's modern history, we can think of the Sino-British treaty of nanking and the Sino-Japanese treaty of shimonoseki. The commonality of these three treaties is a treaty that humiliates the country, and the impact is more serious than one. One is to make China "move towards" a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the other is to "deepen" the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China; Third, completely turn China into a semi-colonial and semi-closed country. This kind of association expansion is vivid and labor-saving when reviewing and mastering these three treaties, not to mention confusing related issues in the three treaties.
Fourth, the method of "comparison of similarities and differences".
It is to compare two historical problems, find out their similarities and differences, and then review and master them.
For example, if we look back at the two parts of "American bourgeois revolution" and "French bourgeois revolution", on the basis of comparison, you will find that the bourgeois revolutions in these two countries have one thing in common: the reasons are the same, both of which broke out against the background that feudal autocratic rule hindered the development of capitalism. The leading classes are basically the same, and they are all led by the bourgeoisie. The revolutionary motive force is the same, and the people played a driving role in the revolution. The influence is the same. The revolution has promoted the development of capitalism and has a great influence on the revolutions of other countries. The difference is that the leadership is not exactly the same, and new noble in Britain also played a leading role. Different characteristics. The British revolution experienced a tortuous process and established a constitutional monarchy. The French Revolution became the biggest, most thorough and most typical revolution in the era of bourgeois revolution. The meaning is different. The British Revolution kicked off the bourgeois revolution in Europe and America and opened an era of bourgeois revolution. The French Revolution swept away the feudal forces at home and abroad and shook the foundation of the feudal system in other European countries.
Fifth, the structure carding method.
This method is like combing messy hair with a comb, that is, combing seemingly messy knowledge to make it have certain clues. That is to say, grasp the historical knowledge outline of each topic and make a high degree of induction and generalization, so that before systematically learning and mastering this part of the content, it will have a clear outline of the knowledge structure in its mind, giving people a clear feeling, so that it will grasp the root in learning and eliminate the fear and worry about difficulties. Then, as long as we study on the principle of not leaving the primitive religion, all specific problems will be solved.
For example, the knowledge structure of Lesson 20 "The Historical Transition between Russia and Japan" in Book 1 of the Eighth Grade World History can be arranged as follows: Russia abolished serfdom: serfdom prevailed in Russia, capitalism developed slowly, serfs rioted frequently, serfs became legal freemen, and landlords were no longer allowed to buy and sell serfs and interfere in their lives. When serfs were liberated, they could get plots of land, but they had to pay a price for it. It is a top-down bourgeois reform, which is conducive to the development of capitalism. It retained a large number of feudal remnants, but accelerated the development of Russian capitalism and became a major turning point in modern Russian history.
Six, centralized classification method.
This method is to classify and summarize related historical knowledge with the same or similar nature according to a certain order and law, and then learn and remember them in different categories.
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