The following is plagiarism. Don't call me plagiarism.
The whole process of Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 includes three stages:
The first stage is from July 25th to September17th 1894. At this time, within the Qing court, the hawks headed by Emperor Guangxu prevailed. Empress Dowager Cixi was sixty years old at that time. She hopes to end the war as soon as possible so as not to delay her celebration. Therefore, she tends to make peace, but because of the clear discussion, she dare not openly advocate peace. At this stage, the war was carried out on the Korean peninsula and at sea, the land war was mainly the battle of Pyongyang, and the naval battle was mainly the naval battle of the Yellow Sea.
The battle of Pyongyang took place on September 15, which was the first large-scale battle between the two armies. At that time, there were 35 battalions of the Qing army stationed in Pyongyang, 1.7 million people; There are more than 16,000 Japanese troops attacking Pyongyang, and the two sides are evenly matched. The battle was launched on three battlefields at the same time: one was the battlefield on the south bank of Datong River. At three o'clock in the morning, the ninth Hunchenglv of the Japanese army, under the command of Major General Yoshimasa Shima, first attacked the Qing army on the south bank of the Datong River. The second is the battlefield outside Xuanwu Gate. Xuanwu Gate is the main attack direction of the Japanese army, so it concentrated its superior forces, including the 10th Brigade (also known as Shuoning Detachment) and the 18th United Wing (also known as Yuanshan Detachment). Gaozhou Town Company Commander Zuo boarded Xuanwu Gate for command. In the fierce battle, Zuo was shot to death, and the officers of his three battalions were eliminated one after another. At 2 pm, Xuanwu Gate was captured by the Japanese army. When the Japanese army advanced into the city, the Qing army struggled to resist and had to retreat to Xuanwu Gate. The third is the southwest battlefield of the city. At 7 o'clock in the morning, the Japanese Fifth Division, led by Nozu Taoist Temple, covered the infantry charge with artillery fire from the southwest of Pyongyang, and the Qing cavalry counterattacked. At noon, Nojin Taoist temple saw that it was difficult to succeed, and ordered to suspend the attack and return to the station. At this point, Ye Zhichao, Chairman (Commander-in-Chief) of Juntong, fearing death, put up a white flag at 4 pm to stop resisting and ordered the whole army to retreat. In six days, the Qing army attacked 500 Li, crossed the Yalu River and returned to China on 2 1. The Japanese army triumphed all the way and occupied the whole territory of Korea.
1In July, 894, the Chinese and Japanese armies went to war in Korea. The Yi Army, headed by Ma Yukun, consists of five battalions (about 265,438+000 people) and is divided into different systems. Together with the Huai Army's Son Army, Fengzi Allied Forces and Son Allied Forces in Fengtian, they formed the 29th Battalion of the four major armies. In August, Yi Jun entered the DPRK ahead of schedule and met Ye Zhichao and Nie Shicheng who returned from Yashan in Pyongyang. The imperial court appointed Ye Zhichao as the president of all troops stationed in Pyongyang. (The "military part" in this paragraph is supplemented by "Cold Mountain Traveler Humble Room")
The Japanese army besieged Pyongyang in four ways. The Qing army divided its forces to resist and hit the Japanese 9 th Brigade hard. The commanders of the Japanese middle and right teams, Takeda Xiushan and Nishima Yukiyoshi, tried their best to supervise the war and captured the forts on the left and right wings. However, it was immediately attacked by the Qing army and suffered heavy losses again.
In this battle, the Japanese suffered heavy casualties. According to the figures published in the Japanese war history of Meiji in 278, "there were about 140 dead and about 290 injured". Four captains and two second lieutenants were killed. Major General Yoshimasa Shimashima, the brigade commander of the 9th Huncheng Brigade, Nishima Intermediary, the captain of the 2nd1Joint Team, and Shaozuo Nagata, the 3rd captain of the 5th Artillery Corps, were all injured.
Although the Qing army was defeated, unfortunately, the Peony Pavilion and Xuanwu Gate in the north of Pyongyang were captured by the Japanese Yuanshan detachment and Shuoning detachment, and the Fengzi army led the left to fight and died. At 9 o'clock that night, Ye Zhichao led his troops to retreat from Pyongyang and ran 500 miles to escape into China. All the way was ambushed and intercepted by the Japanese, and people trampled on each other. More than 2000 people died, more than 500 people were captured and countless people were injured.
The naval battle in the Yellow Sea took place on September 1894, the third day after the fall of Pyongyang. The Japanese joint fleet finally provoked a fierce naval battle in the Yellow Sea near Dadonggou at the mouth of the Yalu River, which was a major decisive battle between the Chinese and Japanese navies. It happened in the waters near Dadonggou (now donggang city, Liaoning Province) at the mouth of the Yalu River. On the morning of September 15, beiyang fleet's main 10 warship and eight auxiliary ships arrived in Dalian Bay under the leadership of Ding. There are 12 combat warships put into use by the Japanese navy along the coast of the Datong River, including all their essence, namely, eight main warships and cruisers with a horsepower of more than 5,000, including Yoshino, Takahashi, Akishima, Nojima, Matsushima, Chiyoda, Iwashima and Li Qiao. After the Afternoon War, beiyang fleet hit Japanese ships Bican, Chicheng and Xijing Maru hard, but beiyang fleet Zhongzhiyuan was also hit hard (Deng Shichang was in the pipeline). On the morning of September 15, beiyang fleet's main 10 warship and eight auxiliary ships arrived in Dalian Bay under the leadership of Ding.
16 in the morning 10, 4,000 people from ten battalions of the Ming army took five troop carriers and headed for Dadonggou at the mouth of the Yalu River.
/kloc-at noon on 0/6, the fleet arrived at Dadonggou (now donggang city, Liaoning Province), and all the troops landed the next morning.
17 at 8 o'clock in the morning, the flagship Dingyuan Hanglongqi began to return.
1 1 about, beiyang fleet suddenly found several clusters of black smoke on the southwest sea. Ding boarded the deck and looked out, judging that it was a Japanese fleet. So he immediately ordered the ships to raise artillery and live ammunition and prepare for battle.
Yoshino, who was commanded by Tougou Heihachirou, first discovered beiyang fleet, and sent a signal that "more than three enemy ships were found in the northeast".
12: 20, Japanese ships gradually approached beiyang fleet.
12: 50, beiyang fleet's flagship Dingyuan fired first.
Ten seconds later, Zhenyuan Ship also fired shells, and then, beiyang fleet's ships also fired shells and bombarded them together. Three minutes later, Japan's flagship Matsushima also began to fight back. At the brake time, the guns of the two ships were in full bloom, the smoke was filled, and the sea was boiling.
At the beginning of the war, the strength of the two sides was compared as follows:
Total displacement of artillery/torpedo tube/frame/ton, total force/average speed of people/section Beiyang Navy/KOOC-0/9556272/KOOC-0/26/KOOC-0/4.5 Japanese fleet 2685683639/KOOC-0/6/KOOC-0/0.2, in which the average of the first Japanese guerrilla group. According to the statistics of the British Naval Yearbook, the firing rate of rapid-fire guns at that time was six times that of the original rear-mounted guns, so it was calculated that the firepower of the Japanese fleet was actually three times that of beiyang fleet. According to the navigation order, Japanese ships are equipped as follows:
The first guerrilla:
Name of ship, captain, displacement (ton), speed (knot), main gun (door) A 42 1622.5 150mm rapid-fire gun X 4 "Takachiho", Nomura Zhen 37095438+08260mm2 "Autumn Jinzhou", Uemura Yanzhicheng 3 15038.
Name of Ship Captain Displacement (ton) Speed (knot) The tail of the flagship of the main gun (door) Matsushima is called 4278/KOOC-0/6320mm X/KOOC-0/Chiyoda Uchida Yamami 2439/KOOC-0/9/KOOC-0/20mm rapid-fire gun X/KOOC.
Name of ship, captain, displacement (ton), speed (knot), main gun (gate), Tiangao Zhuang Cheng 4278 16320mm x 1 "Sakurai Chrysanthemum Brain 228413.2170mx2" Fusang "new.
Ship's name and captain's displacement (ton) speed (knot) main gun (door) "Xijing Maru" Luye Jinyong 410015120mm "Chicheng" Sakamoto Bataro 10438+020mm beiyang fleet's/kloc.
Ship name displacement (ton) speed (knot) Main gun (door) Dingyuan flagship Liu 7335 14.5305mm x4 Zhenyuan Lin Taizeng 7335 14.5305mm x4 Yongsheng 900 15.5438 x2 Laiyuan Qiu Baoren+05.500.
The other six are gunboat Zhennan, Zhong Zhen and torpedo boat Long Fu, with one left, two right and three right.
Shortly after the battle began, beiyang fleet's flagship "Dingyuan" ship was launched 12 years, and it was not repaired for 7 years. When the main gun was fired, it exploded, Ding fell and the flag was destroyed. Ding refused to lift himself into the inner cabin and insisted on sitting on the deck to bid. But he can only boost the morale of a boatload of people. At the beginning of the battle, beiyang fleet lost command. The 4th Ship of the First Guerrilla took advantage of its speed to attack the right-wing "Chaoyong" and "Yangwei" of beiyang fleet, and the 2nd Ship was hit and caught fire one after another, thus quitting the battle. The Japanese ship Yoshino was also hit by beiyang fleet and caught fire, but it was quickly put out. /kloc-around 0/3: 30, the "Chaoyong" sank.
When the Japanese First Guerrilla attacked the right wing of beiyang fleet, our team also attacked the main force of beiyang fleet. Japanese warships Birui, Chicheng, Fusang and Xijing Maru were intercepted by beiyang fleet.
"Dingyuan", "Laiyuan" and "Jingyuan" hit Bi Rui and Chicheng hard. Shiro Sakamoto, the captain of Chicheng, was killed. "Xijing Maru" was also hit.
At around 14: 00 and 15: 00, the Japanese fleet went around the rear of beiyang fleet and formed a double attack with the first guerrilla. Beiyang fleet between Scylla and Charybdis, the formation is more chaotic. In the scuffle, the former Zhiyuan ship that beiyang fleet had been robbing and killing was bombarded by Yoshino and Takahashi, with many injuries and tilted hull. Ito Sukeyuki ordered the First Guerrilla to rescue Chicheng and Bi Rui. "Yoshino" rushed to the front and was encountering the "Zhiyuan" ship on fire. Deng Shichang resolutely ran into the starboard side of the Japanese capital ship Yoshino at full speed, determined to perish together with the enemy. Zhiyuan collided with Yoshino at high speed on the starboard side. Japanese officers and men were shocked to see this and concentrated their artillery fire on Zhiyuan ship. After dodging one torpedo, Zhiyuan Ship was finally hit by another one, and all 252 Qing soldiers were killed. (According to historical data of both sides, Zhiyuan
There is nothing new about Shen. According to Japanese historical records, the Japanese fleet did not fire torpedoes, and the sinking of Zhiyuan ship became a mystery in the Yellow Sea naval battle. )
"Jingyuan" continued to fight with "Yoshino" and was also shot and caught fire. Lin Yongsheng in charge and the first mate Chen Ce were killed, and then the ship was sunk by a torpedo. All 270 people on board were killed except 16. After Zhiyuan sank, "Zhiyuan" managed Fang Boqian and "Guang Jia" managed Kingyung Woo, and they left the game (there are different opinions about whether Fang Boqian left the game in recent years). "Jingyuan" and "Laiyuan" quit the battle because of too many bullets, and took refuge near Dalu Island to repair the damaged machine urgently.
The two ships "Dingyuan" and "Zhenyuan" fought bloody battles, were shot many times and caught fire several times.
At 3: 30 pm, the 30.5 cm cannon of Zhenyuan hit the Japanese flagship Matsushima twice in a row. After the fourth turret on the back deck of the Song Dao was hit, the flame caused an explosion. The ship "Song Dao" tilted its axis by 5 degrees and emitted white smoke, which caused a fire.
Soon, the "Jingyuan" and "Laiyuan" were repaired and put into battle again. Japanese warships Chicheng, Birui and Xijing Maru were injured, and the flagship Matsushima was not optimistic. Yoshino and Fuso were also injured. Seeing beiyang fleet regrouping, Ito Sukeyuki ordered to withdraw from the battlefield around 17: 40.
Beiyang fleet short pursuit, also closed back to Lushun. The naval battle in the Yellow Sea, which lasted more than five hours, ended here.
The Yellow Sea naval battle lasted more than five hours, and its scale and time are rare in the Far East theater in the history of modern world naval battles.
As a result of the naval battle, beiyang fleet lost five warships, namely Zhiyuan, Jingyuan, Chaoyong, Yangwei and Guang Jia (Guang Jia ran aground after fleeing the battlefield and self-destructed a few days later), killing and injuring more than a thousand officers and men; Five Japanese warships, Matsushima, Yoshino, Bi Rui, Chicheng and Xijing Maru, were injured (Xijing Maru and Chicheng sank shortly after being towed), with more than 600 casualties.
The naval battle in the Yellow Sea further exposed the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government. At the beginning of the establishment of Beiyang Navy, the fleet far surpassed the Japanese Navy in firepower and overall tonnage. The Japanese navy has made plans to expand its navy. In order to raise funds, the emperor even allocated funds from the harem funds to the navy. In sharp contrast, Empress Dowager Cixi took money from naval funds to build her Summer Palace. The warships of the Qing navy were in disrepair for a long time, the naval training was poor, sailors smoked more opium, senior officials were corrupt, and the quality of the whole army was low. The Japanese navy stepped up training to maintain warships. While building its own ships, it bought new ships from the Royal Navy to learn from its experience. Before the start of the naval battle, the warships of Beiyang Navy were old, the boilers were damaged, and the naval guns used solid shells, which had slow firing rate and insufficient power. The Japanese navy is well-trained, equipped with a large number of new warships, using large-caliber guns, equipped with rapid-fire guns, and developed new artillery shells, which also surpass the Beiyang navy in overall tonnage and have great advantages in naval battles.
The second stage is1894 September 17 to165438+1October 22. During this period, several battles were fought in Liaodong Peninsula, including the battle of defending Yalu River and the battle of Shanxi Province.
The defending battle of Yalu River began on June 24th of 10, which was the first defensive battle of the Qing army against the Japanese army. At that time, 82,000 Qing troops were deployed on the north bank of Yalu River. The Qing government appointed Song Qing as commander-in-chief to control the army. The Japanese attack force is the first army under the command of General Yamagata Aritomo, including the Third Division of Lieutenant General Kyotaro and the Fifth Division of Lieutenant General Nojin Dojo, with a total of 30,000 people. The two sides are equal in strength. However, although Song Qing controlled the army in the name, the army actually refused to accept the dispatch, and their morale was low, so many generals were not determined to resist the enemy. Before noon that day, the Japanese army successfully swam across the river in front of Anping River mouth in the upper reaches of Jiuliancheng Scenic Resort Scenic Area. That night, the Japanese army set up a pontoon bridge in the middle reaches of the Yalu River near Hushan, and the Qing army did not notice it. At 6 o'clock in the morning on the 25th, the Japanese army crossed the pontoon bridge and launched an attack on the position of the Qing army in Hushan. Ma Xujin and Nie Shicheng, commanders of the Qing army, led resistance, but suffered heavy casualties and were forced to withdraw from their positions. The Japanese army then occupied Hushan. Other ministries of the Qing army heard that Hushan fell and fled without fighting. On 26th, the Japanese army occupied Jiuliancheng Scenic Resort Scenic Area and Andong County (now Dandong) without firing a shot. In less than three days, the Yalu River defense line guarded by nearly 30 thousand troops of the Qing army collapsed across the board.
The Golden Journey War also began on October 24th, 65438/kloc-0, and fell to Lushunkou on October 22nd, 165438/kloc-0, which was the key battle of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. On the same day that the first Japanese army attacked the Qing army's Yalu River defense line, the second army led by General ōyama Iwao, with 25,000 men, began to land at Huayuankou on the road behind Lushun under the cover of Japanese ships. The Japanese army's landing activities lasted for twelve days, and the Qing army actually sat idly by. 165438+1On October 6th, the Japanese army invaded Jinzhou (now Jinzhou District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province). On the 7th, the Japanese army attacked Dalian Bay in three ways, and found that the Qing army had already broken up and won Dalian Bay without fighting. After ten days' rest in Dalian Bay, the Japanese army began to advance to Lushun. At that time, there were seven commanders of the Qing army in Lushun area, and Taoist Gong was the former general manager of the enemy camp. He is known as the "hidden commander" and is in charge of 33 battalions, with about 13000 people. 18, the Japanese striker advanced into Tuchengzi and launched a life-and-death battle with Gong Weijun of Xu Bangdao. The next day, Gong ignored the whole army and fled to Yantai by torpedo boat. 19, Huang Shilin, Zhao Huaiye and Wei Rucheng also fled. On 2 1 day, the Japanese army launched a general attack on Lushunkou. Occupy Lushunkou on the 22nd.
With the retreat of the Qing army, within the Qing court, the pacifists gained the upper hand and surrendered. After the fall of Lushunkou, the Japanese navy gained an important base in Bohai Bay. Since then, the Beiyang portal has been opened, and beiyang fleet has been hidden in Ahava Port, and the situation has taken a turn for the worse.
The third stage of the ahava campaign was a defensive war to defend the Beiyang naval base, and it was also beiyang fleet's last war against Japan. At that time, there were 26 Beiyang Navy ships in Ahava Port. 1895 65438+1on October 20th, the second Japanese army, under the command of General ōyama Iwao, including Lieutenant General Mita's Second Division and Lieutenant General Heimuweizhen's Sixth Division, with a total of 25,000 men, began to land on Rongcheng Longxu Island under the cover of Japanese ships, and all of them landed on the 23rd. On 30th, the Japanese army concentrated on attacking Nanbangbao in Ahava. There are only six battalions of the Qing army in Nanbangbao, with 3,000 people. Zhou Jiaen, the camp official, resisted tenaciously to defend the Motianling position and was finally annihilated. The Japanese army also suffered heavy casualties, and its left-wing commander Major General Kang Chengdaxi was killed by the shells of the Qing army. Due to the disparity in strength, Nanbangbao was finally captured by the Japanese army. On February 3, the Japanese army occupied Weihai Acropolis. Weihai was occupied by the enemy, and Ding's command became an island. The commander of the Japanese joint fleet, Ito Sukehiro, sent a letter to Ding to surrender, which was rejected by Ding. The flagship Dingyuan Zhong Lei ran aground in the early morning of the 5th, and it is still used as a "water battery". At 438+00 on June 5, Dingyuan ran out of ammunition and Liu committed suicide. On June 1 1, Ding refused to commit suicide under the threat of foreign officers transferred from Weihai business office and major generals such as Niu Chang. Yang Yonglin, the governor of Zhenyuan, finally committed suicide under the pressure of foreign officials and Niu Chang, who presided over the surrender. In June, 5438+02, the surrender was drafted by Hao Wei, a foreign member of the United States, and in the name of Ding, Guangzhou Automobile Pipe was sent to the Japanese flagship. 14, Niu Chang and Ito Sukehiro signed the Weihai Surrender Treaty, which stipulated that all ships in Ahava Port, Liu Gongdao Fort and all ordnance materials on the island should be handed over to the Japanese army. 17, Japanese troops landed in Liu Gongdao, Ahava naval base fell, and beiyang fleet was wiped out.
The battle of Liaodong lasted for a long time. Since the Japanese army broke through the Yalu River defense line of the Qing army, it has successively occupied Phoenix, Xiuyan and Haicheng. Qing transferred Liu Kunyi, governor of the two rivers, as an imperial envoy, supervised the military affairs of the Eastern Expedition, granted full command of the internal and external military affairs of Shanhaiguan, and appointed Wu Dacheng and Song Qing, governors of Hunan Province, as emissaries in order to save the decline. From1895 65438+1October 17, the Qing army launched four campaigns to recapture Haicheng, all of which were repelled by the Japanese army. On February 28th, the Japanese army marched in triumph and attacked from Haicheng. On March 4th, Niuzhuang was captured, Yingkou was taken without fighting on the 7th, and Tianzhuangtai was captured on the 9th. In just over ten days, more than 60,000 troops from more than 0/00 battalions of Qing Army/KLOC fled from the whole east bank of Liaohe River.