"Six Books" are six laws summarized by the ancients when explaining the structure and usage of Chinese characters. The name of "Six Books" was first found in the history of Guan Bao in Li Zhou Dynasty. Later scholars named it pictograph, indication, cognition, pictophonetic characters, Zhuan Zhu and borrowing. Xu Shen, a scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty, defined "Six Books" as: pictographic characters, painted objects, satirized by body, and the sun and the moon are also; Pointer, see and know, view and see, up and down is also; People you know are friendlier than others, so that you can see each other? Wu Xin is also; Voice, in the name of things, examples complement each other, rivers also; Those who pass notes and build classes agree to accept each other and keep taking exams; Under the guise of people, this book does not have a word, but also distinguishes things by sound.
history
The word "Six Books" first appeared in Li Zhou Di Guan: "It is the six arts of teaching to remonstrate the evil of the king with Tao, the son of the whole country, ……, five times six books, six times nine." There is no detailed name of "Six Books", and there is no explanation for them. Liu Xin's "Seven Views" in the Western Han Dynasty: "The ancients entered primary school at the age of eight, so the Zhou family taught six books, which were called pictograms, images, images, sounds, notes and characters." This is the earliest explanation of the six books. Pictograph, image, image and sound refer to the physical structure of words, while annotation and borrowing refer to the use of words. Inspired by Liu Xin, Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty spent decades sorting out Chinese characters and compiling a book, Shuo Wen Jie Zi. In the preface of this book, he said: "Li Zhou entered primary school at the age of eight, and the Bausch religion began with six books." When it comes to referring to things, those who refer to things can see them, observe them, see their meaning, and go up and down. Second, pictographic characters, pictographic characters painted into their objects, follow the body, the sun and the moon are also. Third, the sound of sound and form, sound and form in the name of things, examples complement each other, rivers also. Fourth, knowing, knowing is more friendly than class, to see the fake, Wu Xin also. On the fifth day, the note was transferred, the transferor built the class, agreed to accept it, and kept taking the test. Sixth, borrow, the borrower has no words, ask for things by voice, and the commander is also. " Xu Shen's explanation is the first official record of the definition of six books in history. Xu Yi is still the core of the interpretation of the Six Books in later generations. [ 1]
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hieroglyph
It belongs to the "single word-making method". Outline the shape characteristics of the object to be expressed with lines or strokes of words. For example, the word "moon" looks like the curved moon, the word "turtle" looks like the side shape of a turtle, the word "horse" is a horse with four legs, the word "fish" is a swimming fish with a head, a body and a tail, and the word "snake" (the original word of grass) is two sokcho and the word "door". The word "sun" is like a circle with a little bit in the middle, much like the shape we see when we look directly at the sun.
Ideographic characters come from picture characters, but they weaken the nature of pictures and enhance the symbolism. Is the most primitive word formation. It has great limitations, because some things can't be drawn.
Self-evident character
It belongs to the "single word-making method". The main difference from hieroglyphics is that signifiers contain more abstract things in painting. For example, the word "blade" is marked by adding a point to the sharpness of "knife"; The word "fierce" is to add a cross symbol to the trap; "Up" and "Down" are symbols painted above or below the subject "I"; "Three" is indicated by three horizontal lines. The sketches of these characters all have more abstract parts.
Pictophonetic method of word formation
It belongs to the "combined word-making method". Pictophonetic characters are composed of pictophonetic characters (also called "semantic symbols") and notes (also called "notes"). The shape side indicates the meaning or category of words, and the sound side indicates that the pronunciation of words is the same or similar. For example, the word "Sakura" has a "wood" beside its shape, indicating that it is a kind of tree, and the word "baby" beside its sound indicates that its pronunciation is the same as that of the word "baby"; The word "bamboo" next to the "basket" means bamboo products, and the word "prison" next to the sound means that its pronunciation is similar to the word "prison"; Below the word "tooth" is the shape side, drawing the shape of the tooth, and the word "stop" above is the sound side, indicating that the pronunciation of the word is similar.
Associative compound
It belongs to the "combined word-making method". A cognitive word is composed of two or more independent words, which are combined to express the meaning of the word with form or meaning. For example, combine the word "wine" with liquid "water" to express meaning; The split of the word "solution" means to separate the "cow" from the "horn" with a knife. Song refers to the sound of birds, so it is composed of mouth and bird.
Some Chinese characters have the characteristics of knowing and sounding at the same time. For example, the word "gong" can be regarded as the characteristics of "force" and "gong", and "gong" is also beside the sound; The word "Hui" can be regarded as both "reverse" and "hesitation" (interpreted as walking and transformed into "hesitation"), and "reverse" also has the characteristics of sound. This kind of writing is called knowing words and pictophonetic words.
Characters that explain/are synonymous with each other
It belongs to "using Chinese characters". Different writers have different explanations. Generally speaking, there are three theories, namely, the transformation of form, the transformation of sound and the transformation of meaning. The so-called "writing style" refers to the radical, and "Kao" and "Lao" belong to the old department. Dai Zhen thinks that tone sandhi is mutual training. The word "Kao" in Shuo Wen Jie Zi means "Lao Ye", while the word "Lao" means "Kao Ye" and "phase shift means annotation and mutual training".
Different regions have different names for the same thing because of different pronunciations and geographical barriers. These two words are used to mean the same thing, and when they have the same meaning, they will have the same radicals or components. For example, the original meaning of the words "Kao" and "Lao" are elders; "Top" and "top" both mean the top of the head; The original meaning of "Qiao" and "Kong" is Kong. These words have the same radical (or component) and analysis, and also have phonetic correspondence.
use
Chinese characters are developed from hieroglyphics and ideographs. Some foreign objects are described by images, and some meanings can be expressed by images and strokes. However, many concepts that represent certain things can't be expressed by pictographs or hieroglyphs at any time, so they are expressed by existing homonyms or similar words. This completely different word from loanwords is called loanwords. There are two types of loanwords. One is borrowing without words, that is, borrowing words mentioned above. Such as "North" and "Oracle Bone Inscriptions", like two people face to face. The "north" in the north is invisible, so the meaning of the north is expressed with the same pronunciation. Xu Shen said in "Xu Wen" that "the pretender has no words at all, and relies entirely on sound to make excuses", which is the case. In the process of language development, there are many such words. Another kind of loanwords is loanwords with their own characters. "Benyouzi" refers to a word that has a written form to express a certain meaning in the words used in daily life, but is written into another word with the same sound or similar sound without using conventional fonts. This is very common in ancient books above Qin and Han dynasties. If you borrow "soup" as "swinging"; In the Book of Songs, the wind in July, eating melons in July and breaking pots in August all have their own opinions. The former can be said to be the loan without words, while the latter is the loan with words. There may be two reasons why we should write another loan word, because it has its own characteristics. One reason is that the writer scribbled a homonym, which was copied from generation to generation because of its long history; Another reason is that in a certain period, a certain region or a certain teacher, it is often customary to replace a certain word with a certain word, and this will still be the case in future generations.
use
In fact, there were no six books before the ancients made Chinese characters. Because Chinese characters had developed quite systematically in Shang Dynasty, there were no records about six books at that time. Liu Shu is a system for later generations to analyze and summarize Chinese characters. However, when the "Six Books" system came into being, people used this system as the basis when creating new words. It seems that "cat", "dragon" and "dragon" are pictophonetic characters, "concave", "convex" and "dragon" are pictographic characters. The foreign language of chemical elements is named after Einstein. These new words, including Japanese characters, are also coined according to the Six Books.
In Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions on bronze, hieroglyphics are the majority. This is because drawing things is the most direct way to create words. However, with the development of characters, more and more things need to be carefully divided, such as "carp", "shad", "shad" and "loach", all of which are fish, and it is difficult to draw their characteristics and differences carefully by pictographic methods. Therefore, pictophonetic characters have become the most convenient method. As long as you use the word "fish" next to the shape, you can explain their genus, and then distinguish these words with similar pronunciation. Because pictophonetic characters are very efficient in creating new words, less than half of the characters in Oracle Bone Inscriptions era were pictophonetic characters, but in modern times, 80% of Chinese characters are pictophonetic characters. [2][ Edit this paragraph] Introduction to art forms
Liu Shu is an ancient and special folk performing art form in He Lixia, with six people, two literary fields and four martial arts fields. They are active in rural weddings, children's first birthday parties, and all activities related to celebrations.
Most Liu Shu teams are made up of local artists who like to play and sing. Usually they go their own way, and only when there is a happy event at home will they get together and go home to pick up the guys to sing.
Sixth, folk auspicious numbers, which mean "Great Shun", "Book" and "Rap". There are six people in the six-book team, two literary venues are mainly blowing and pulling, and four martial arts venues are mainly percussion. Liu Shu is mainly engaged in singing, so it is customarily called "singing Liu Shu", and those artists are respectfully called Mr. Liu Shu.
The six books are rich in content, including fragments of Peking Opera, Huai Opera, Yang Opera and Huangmei Opera, as well as popular songs and folk tunes. But it must be festive and joyful. If you don't ridicule, you will have a "sad tone", otherwise you will not dare to talk back if you are cleaned up by others. [3]
Singing occasion
Most rural marriages are concentrated in the first month, and the days from the third day to the sixth day are the most. So many families in four townships and eight families get married. After the Mid-Autumn Festival of the six books, they made an appointment and set a date.
At the end of the twelfth lunar month, the leader of the Liu Shu team called everyone together, drank some wine, went to Heizi, packed up the suona, called the children, "passed" the program again, mentioned the unforgettable words, warmed up, and officially played in the first month. [3]
Singing form and content
Xinghua is a water town. There are many boats to marry in the village. In the morning, after the sedan chair meal, Mr. Liu Shu began to play. The gongs and drums are loud, firecrackers are ringing, and the sonorous suona attracts the whole village.
A special boat singing six books leads the way in front of the sedan chair boat, which is called "leading relative" and blows from the man's house to the woman's house. The music that Suona often plays is Goat, Four Seasons of Spring, One Prune, Eighteen Examinations and so on. Whether melodious, loud or cheerful, they all have a strong flavor of folk songs in northern Jiangsu. There are also tunes directly adapted from popular songs to play, which are lively and relaxed.
At the door of the woman's house, two tables were used to spell out a desk with six books. Percussion music first came to the "tapping table". All the guests were packed, firecrackers crackled, began to pick up vegetables, and officially began to sing. There is an eloquent host in the team, and the performance is different. Each team has its own specialty. The more classic ones are "Taking care of girls" and "Mahjong can't be played". Taking care of the girl is a story about a mother who took care of her daughter before she got married, went to her husband's house to honor her elders, educate her children and manage the family diligently. Mahjong can't be played is a story about a daughter-in-law who is addicted to gambling, and her obsession with mahjong affects her family career.
The bride got into the sedan chair and six books were blown from the woman's house to the man's house. Ji Na (also known as Heidi) plays the tune "Little Open the Door". The newcomer entered the bridal chamber and played the tune "On Rulers", beaming. Mr. Liu Shu answered and expressed his blessing to the couple.
Night is the main seat. Mr. Liu Shu sings harder, and the program tries not to repeat the one at the woman's house. Six books are hard to sing, so it's your turn to wait for someone to eat three meals a day. You can't wear gloves no matter how cold it is.
Every Liu Shu artist is a living dictionary of folk art, and they pass this ancient art form on from generation to generation. [