1, the development pattern of Taihang piedmont before Sui and Tang Dynasties
The area where Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is located in prehistoric times is one of the important areas for human activities and reproduction in ancient China. All the basins in Taihang Mountain where Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is located provide a good living and hunting environment for the ancients. Sanggan River is an important area where paleolithic ancient humans proliferated rapidly. Nihewan has more than 130 Neolithic sites dating from more than 2 million years ago to more than 3,000 years BC, which are extremely rare in the world, forming such a rich superimposed cultural layer of early human cultural remains. At present, the Peking man who first appeared in the transition zone between buried hill and plain is Zhoukoudian. Beijingers lived about 700,000-200,000 years ago, and then migrated again due to changes in the external environment. Xu Jiayao site is about 200-125,000 years ago, and has been identified by experts as an important gathering place for cavemen to move westward to Beijing. In the new era from 0/000 BC to 5,000 BC, more ancient human settlements appeared at the junction of Taihang Mountain and North China Plain. During this period, a large number of pottery pots for storing grain and food appeared, which opened the prelude for human beings to transform nature in the North China Plain. By the middle of the new era, in North China, besides millet, rice and millet, there are also beans and wheat. Therefore, from the perspective of the development and spatial succession of prehistoric civilization, there is a close cultural origin between the Taihang piedmont plain and the western mountainous area, and the human activity area gradually transits from mountainous area to buried hill area and plain area.
From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the population, economy and culture centers of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region are all distributed in the area 20 kilometers before Taihang Mountain. At the same time, military towns are located along the Sanggan River and south of the Great Wall of Han Dynasty. Ji of Yan State and Handan of Zhao State are two political, economic, military and cultural centers in this region, and they have maintained a relatively stable development pattern. It is worth noting that during this period, because the mouth of the Yellow River was in Bohai Bay, most areas of the North China Plain belonged to the water town Zeguo, which was not suitable for agricultural cultivation and urban development. It is precisely because of the frequent diversion and flooding of the Yellow River in the past 3,000 years that it has done great harm to the North China Plain. Therefore, the spatial distribution of towns in North China has been relatively stable for a long time, and there is no trend of large-scale eastward expansion. It was not until the Jin Dynasty that the Yellow River basically swung in the south of Hebei Province, making the North China Plain more suitable for farming as a whole. At this time, with the prosperity of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, Tianjin and Cangzhou have achieved unprecedented development. In addition, many tributaries of the Haihe River Basin have also promoted the prosperity of the city with the help of the development of water transport, such as Hejian and Renqiu.
2. Since Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Beijing has been the political and cultural center of the whole country, and Tianjin has gradually established its position as the gateway to the north.
After the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Beijing gradually established its position as the political, economic, cultural and military center in the north, especially in the Ming Dynasty, when Judy moved to Beijing, her position in the whole country was unprecedented. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the jurisdiction of the capital was much larger. Both Beiping House in the early Ming Dynasty and Shuntianfu in the Qing Dynasty are known as "the waves of the sea in the east and the foothills of Taihang Mountain in the west". In the early Ming Dynasty, Peiping County reached Zunhua in the east, Bazhou in the south and Miyun in the north. The Qing dynasty also basically continued this management scope, but Tianjin was separated from Beijing after it was upgraded to a magistrate. During the period when the traditional farming economy was dominant, most cities were under the unified management of local governments, and their official ranks were much smaller than those of local governments. As a rising star, Tianjin benefits from the transportation business of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. Of course, the current Grand Canal has lost its previous advantages, and it has been replaced by the advantages of port collection and transportation. Tianjin began to step onto the historical stage, which originated from the grain transportation in Yuan Dynasty, with the zhi gu Salt Transportation Department; Tianjinwei was founded in the second year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty. By the late Ming Dynasty, Tianjin Wei had developed into an important land and water transportation hub and a commercial and military town. However, the real development of Tianjin as a city was in the early Qing Dynasty. Yongzheng nine years, AD 173 1 year was promoted to Tianjin Prefecture.
The rise of Tianjin has a certain internal connection with the traditional cities in front of Taihang Mountain, which is also a proof that China's social economy has gradually moved from inland to coastal areas since modern times, and the foundation of the traditional farming civilized town system has changed since then. After the two Opium Wars, 1860 Tianjin opened its port, and the great development of modern industry made the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region gradually move from a closed central dynasty, Gyeonggi, to a modern open economic center. Tianjin's modern industry began with the Tianjin Machinery Manufacturing Bureau founded by the Qing government in the Westernization Movement, and then a large number of modern industrial enterprises gathered in the construction of Hebei New District on the north bank of Haihe River. In order to cooperate with the development of modern military industry, the Qing government successively built the first telegraph line in Tianjin and the first independent standard gauge railway in China-Tang Xu Railway, and founded Kaiping Mining Bureau. The period from the early Republic of China to the Japanese occupation was the prosperous period of Tianjin's modern industry. Flour, matches, textiles, chemicals, tanning and other types of industries occupy an important position in this country. For example, since 19 15 founded the first machine spinning factory in Tianjin, Zhili Model Spinning Factory, Tianjin has nearly 90 textile enterprises in just ten years, becoming the center of modern cotton textile industry in the north. Before the full-scale outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Tianjin was already the largest city and industrial and commercial center in northern China, and the second largest industry in China, especially the industrial economic system, was second only to Shanghai. It is worth noting that the great development of Tianjin's military and civilian industry has promoted the prosperity of foreign trade and urban commerce. Before liberation, Tianjin was already the largest financial and commercial city in the north. The development of urban commerce began with the development of concession commercial market. For example, Quanyechang, built in 1928, is the birthplace of the earliest first-class commercial group in Tianjin. In terms of foreign trade, with the promotion of Tianjin's land and water hub status, more materials from North China and other regions outside the Great Wall gather in Tianjin. For example, with Zhangjiakou, Shijiazhuang, Baoding and other cities in Hebei, it has become a secondary market or distribution center for commercial circulation in Tianjin; At the same time, it promoted the financial and trade exchanges between Shandong and Shanxi.
3. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, two groups of "Twin Cities" competed for development.
If the geopolitical and regional economic development pattern in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China is continued, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region will have a "two cities and many points" development situation with political and traditional cultural centers in Beijing and economic and new cultural centers in Tianjin, which will drive the development of towns at all levels in Hebei Province. However, after the new China, the development has undergone earth-shaking changes. Breaking the regional pattern comes from three major administrative or policy interventions. The first time was in the 1950s, when Beijing's urban orientation changed from a traditional political and cultural center to a production center. During the first five-year plan and the second five-year plan, thousands of industrial enterprises were established in Beijing, including steel, machinery, petrochemicals, electronics, building materials, medicine, textiles and clothing, light industry and food. For example, before the Cultural Revolution, the number of industrial workers had reached 1 10,000. In particular, Shijingshan Iron and Steel Plant in the 1950s and Yanshan Petrochemical Plant in the 1970s made Beijing's industry leap ahead of Tianjin. Of course, in the 30 years before the founding of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin's industrial and economic status was relatively stable. Tianjin has created the first watch, the first bicycle, the first color TV, the first fax machine, the first batch of analog computers, the first car, the first trolley bus and other more than 60 industrial products. The second time was during the Ninth Five-Year Plan, when Beijing set the goal of building an economic center. In the following ten years, Beijing embarked on the fast track of functional development such as financial and business center, headquarters base and building economy. Especially since the construction of Yizhuang Development Zone and Airport Economic Zone, the development speed of Beijing has far surpassed that of Tianjin, and Tianjin's position as the existing financial and commercial center in the north has also been replaced by Beijing. However, the situation that Beijing has been ahead for more than half a century has also changed with the readjustment of policies. The third major policy intervention is the development and opening-up of Tianjin Binhai New Area during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period. Since then, Tianjin has once again received strong support from national policies, funds, manpower and material resources. By the end of 20 13, Tianjin's industrial added value has surpassed that of Shanghai, reaching twice that of Beijing. At the same time, Tianjin Port, as the largest container port in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, began to cover the area in depth.
The urban pattern of Hebei Province has also appeared a development trend similar to "Twin Cities". On the basis of the urban pattern in the late Qing Dynasty, Shijiazhuang and Tangshan gradually became two important cities in the north and south of Hebei Province after the founding of the People's Republic of China. The development of Shijiazhuang benefited from the intersection of Zhengtai Railway and Han Jing Railway at 1907. Before liberation, Shijiazhuang had developed into a city with a population of nearly 200,000 and a total industrial output value of 20 million yuan. From 65438 to 0968, the capital of Hebei Province decided to move from Baoding to Shijiazhuang, which made a qualitative leap in the allocation of various resources and gradually became one of the important cultural, educational, commercial and industrial centers in North China. The rise of Tangshan benefited from the development of Kailuan Coal Mine, Tangshan Locomotive and Rolling Stock Factory and other industries. For example, Tangshan Locomotive and Rolling Stock Factory installed the first steam locomotive in China. In the 30 years before the founding of the People's Republic of China, Tangshan has formed a system of heavy industries such as steel, petroleum, chemicals, ceramics and machinery manufacturing, and its economic scale has always ranked third in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. With the relocation of Shougang to Caofeidian and the first 350-kilometer-per-hour motor train rolled off the assembly line in China, Tangshan's position as an important equipment manufacturing base in China has been further consolidated.
Second, the inseparable Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei.
In the long history, taking a few nodes, we can see the origin of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei relationship, that is, you have me and I have you, so why the local context is also interlinked. From the perspective of historical geography, it is not difficult to find that the appearance and spirit of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei are harmonious and actually integrated.
1, Beijing: It was sunny then.
The first year of Yongle, namely 1403, was a memorable year for Beijing. One day in the first month of this year, Judy in Ming Taizu heard the advice of Li Zhigang, the minister of rites, and others: since the emperors of past dynasties, the world has been ruled by cloth, or it has been inherited by foreign princes and promoted in places with traces. Seeing that the chief secretary of Beiping is the place where the emperor holds the king, it is appropriate to establish Kyoto following the system of Taizu and Gao Emperor.
What Li Zhigang and others said was just what Judy wanted.
Judy really likes Beiping. In A.D. 1368, the Ming army captured the Yuan Dynasty, and its father Zhu Yuanzhang changed the Yuan Dynasty to Beiping County, with its capital in Beiping. Two years later, in the summer of 1370, Judy was made a prince by her father. Although it was not until 10 years later, that is, in 1380, that Judy entered Beiping House, it is undeniable that in the following 20 years, Beiping House became Judy's prosperous and blessed land, and the blue sky, white clouds, local conditions and customs here have become indispensable elements in his life. He is not used to and no longer obsessed with the mountains and rivers in the south of the Yangtze River. Therefore, after winning the battle of Jingnan and sitting on the throne of the emperor, some people proposed to change Beiping House to Shuntianfu, and build Beiping in Shuntianfu, just doing what they said. Judy approved it immediately without hesitation or objection.
The fate of Beijing changed at this moment.
Before that, Beijing, as the capital, was called Yanjing and Nanjing, and was also called "Kan Ballouk" by a famous Italian traveler named Kyle Poirot. ...
Before that, that is, before A.D. 1403, there was also Beijing, but that was Beijing before the Ming Dynasty, which was not a concept with Beijing after the Ming Dynasty. For example, Beijing in the Tang Dynasty refers to Taiyuan House at that time; Beijing in Song Dynasty refers to Daming Mansion at that time; The Jin Dynasty also had Beijing, but it had nothing to do with Beijing in A.D. 1403. Beijing was called the capital in the Jin Dynasty.
In addition to 1403, 142 1 is also a memorable year for Beijing today. From the first day of the first month of this year, Beijing is no longer called Judy's residence, but has become the real capital. Judy also gave the reason why she decided to take Beijing as the capital: I will continue to inherit the great unification and have a great career, but I will look forward to Beijing becoming a real metropolis as soon as possible. But the will of God, the reality of divination ...
Beijing is like a child being held by others. Return to Beiping House first, and then to Tianfu. During the Ming Dynasty, most of Hebei, parts of Henan and Shandong, and today's Tianjin were under the jurisdiction of Shi Jing or Beizhili. Hebei, Tianjin, Henan, Shandong, Inner Mongolia and Liaoning belonged to Zhili in the Qing Dynasty.
In the early Ming Dynasty, Beiping Prefecture governed Daxing, Wanping, Liangxiang, Gu 'an, Yongqing, Dongan, Xianghe, Sanhe, Wuqing, Shexian, Baodi, Wen 'an, Dacheng, Baoding, Fangshan, Shunyi, Huairou, Miyun, Yutian, Feng Run, Zunhua, Pinggu and Tongzhou. Twenty-two counties and five states do not all belong to Beijing today, but some of them have been included in Hebei Province and Tianjin City.
In Qing Dynasty, Shuntianfu governed not only Daxing, Liangxiang, Tongzhou, Fangshan, Changping, Shunyi, Huairou and Miyun in Beijing, but also Gu 'an, Sanhe, Yongqing, Xianghe, Bazhou, Wen 'an, Dacheng, Baoding Zhuozhou, Tangshan Zunhua, Yutian, and Tianjin Wuqing, Baodi and Hebei.
2. Tianjin: From Wei to Fu
Tianjin Bridge, hence its name, lives in the "Heaven and Man". This bridge was built in the Sui Dynasty, in Luoyang, and has nothing to do with Tianjin.
Where was Tianjin at that time? Is it still in Qu Yuan's poem "The Beginning of Tianjin"? Still in the initial state of chaos?
An Englishman named Brian, who was born in Tianjin, once wrote this for Tianjin: 80 miles west of here is the "paradise capital" of Beijing, where the emperor known as the son of heaven ruled his kingdom. Because this ancient port where many waterways meet has become the only way for travelers to go to the "paradise capital", people call it "Tianjin"-the ferry of heaven.
Brian is talking about Tianjin in the Qing Dynasty. Tianjin's human history flourished in the Qing Dynasty, but it did not begin in the Qing Dynasty.
The earliest words about Tianjin point to the second year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty.
At that time, the land in Tianjin belonged to Hejian House. "Land and water rush, the road of reimbursement. Since ancient times, there have been secluded swallows, and all of them have counted the rivers first. " Gu Zuyu, a historical geographer, said Hejian was "fertile and fertile, suitable for agriculture" and "the capital is honest in the south and the road in Tianjin is also good in the world".
It is a very realistic measure taken by the Ming Dynasty from the perspective of national security to establish a secure world. In the second year of Yongle, that is, in the winter of 1404, Tianjinwei was established in the north of Jinghai County, Hejian Prefecture, and troops were set up to build the city.
Tianjin came into being: nine miles around the city. Weihe River in the north and Liuhe River in the east, and Cao Zhou knows this. ...
/kloc-in 0/600, Tianjin welcomed the first foreigner passing by in history. He is an Italian missionary named Matteo Ricci. Matteo Ricci was going to Beijing to visit Emperor Wanli and was trapped in Tianjin Wei's prison. Almost desperate, he can only pray for God's blessing. It was a winter that he will never forget. That winter, he remembered another Italian who had been to China, what he saw and heard in China, and the unusual courtesy he received. Kelpolo has been to Beijing, but he has never been to Tianjin Wei. At that time, Beijing was not called Beijing, but Yuan Dadu, and there was no Tianjin Wei. ...
Tianjin Wei developed into a "giant town in the southeast of the capital" in the Ming Dynasty, but it was always Wei's face until the demise of the Ming Dynasty. In the third year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1725), it was promoted to Zhili Prefecture, and in the ninth year of Yongzheng (A.D. 173 1 year), it was promoted to Tianjin Prefecture, which governed Tianjin County, Qingxian County and Qingxian County.
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/793, Tianjin welcomed the most important foreign guests in history, not one, but a huge British mission. Zhili Governor Liang Kentang arrived in Tianjin to meet him on the orders of Emperor Qianlong. In the eyes of the guests, Liang Kentang, who is not tall, "has small eyes and bright eyes, must be as white as silver, drooping to his chest, looks amiable and amiable, and behaves gracefully and meekly as a Confucian." In the host's view, this group of foreigners who have traveled across the ocean must not be idle. ...
Later, more and more foreigners came to Tianjin, especially after Tianjin became a trading port in AD 1860. From the county to the government to the province, officials at all levels feel that Tianjin's westernization is becoming more and more difficult.
/kloc-in the summer of 0/870, Zeng Guofan received this hot potato when he was governor of Zhili. The court ordered him to go to Tianjin to investigate religious plans, but he was "overwhelmed". Nine days later, Zeng Guofan, who had no anxiety, reluctantly set out from Baoding Zhili Governor's Office, passed through Levin, Renqiu, Dacheng and Jinghai, and arrived in Tianjin on the tenth day of the sixth lunar month. "There is no plan to discuss foreign affairs. "Zeng Guofan, who defeated Taiping rebels, finally stumbled in Tianjin. He didn't have a chance to return to Baoding's Zhili Governor's Office. On the sixth day of September, he handed the seal of Zhili Governor to student Li Hongzhang in Tianjin and left Tianjin on the 23rd. ...
3. Hebei: Gyeonggi is an important place.
In 763 AD, Du Fu, a poet wandering in Sichuan, heard the good news that he had been looking forward to for nearly eight years: Shi Chaoyi died, Hebei recovered, and the Anshi Rebellion ended. The poet wept with joy, looked at his wife and thought he might go home. In one breath, he wrote the well-known story that both sides of the Yellow River were recovered by the imperial army.
Hebei, Hebei with mixed feelings. "On a green spring day, I sang loudly, drank heavily and began to go home", the poet's heartfelt joy has now become a swan song throughout the times.
Hebei today is different from Hebei in the Tang Dynasty. As a noun in historical geography, "Hebei" came into being in the Tang Dynasty.
During the Zhenguan period, Emperor Taizong divided the empire into ten roads: Guannei Road, Henan Road, Hedong Road, Hebei Road, Shannan Road, Longyou Road, Huainan Road, Jiangnan Road, Jiannan Road and Lingnan Road. During the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, ten roads were divided into fifteen roads. Whether it is 10 or 15, Hebei Road is among them.
Hebei in the Tang Dynasty, that is, Hebei Road in the Tang Dynasty, had jurisdiction over 20 Kyushu, including Anton Khufu and Weizhou, xing zhou, Jizhou, Dingzhou, Youzhou, Yizhou, Zhuozhou and Jizhou, and its jurisdiction was roughly equivalent to most of today's Beijing-Hebei-Liaoning area and a few areas of Henan and Shandong. Hebei road has no executive power, and the chief inspector or interview ambassador is not permanent.
Today's Beijing and Tianjin were then the land of Youzhou and Jizhou in Hebei Province. Youzhou governs eight counties, which is equivalent to most of Beijing today and Wuqing in Tianjin, Langfang and Yongqing in Hebei, and Jizhou governs three counties, which is equivalent to Jixian in Tianjin and Sanhe and Yutian in Hebei today.
According to Taiping Universe, the customs of Zhuozhou are the same as those of Youzhou, and the customs of Zhou Mo and Yizhou are the same as those of Youzhou. The custom of Baozhou is the same as that of Zhou Mo, so it is the same as that of Youzhou. Xiongzhou customs are the same as Yizhou, so they are also the same as Youzhou. What are the characteristics of Youzhou custom? In Ban Gu's words, it is "ignorant, reckless, frivolous and without dignity, but also good at it, and daring to go to the people's emergency is the legacy of yan dan".
In the Song Dynasty, Tao was replaced by Tao, and there was a post station for propaganda or transshipment, which was not permanent.
In the autumn of 1044, Ouyang Xiu, the literary leader of the Song Dynasty, came to Hebei as a transshipment ambassador. He left a year later and transferred to Chuzhou. Before and after he took office in Hebei, Ouyang Xiu wrote two famous articles, On Partisans and Preface to Drunk Pavilion.
Song confronted Liao first and then Jin, and its land area was much smaller than that of Tang. In the Song Dynasty, the jurisdiction area of Hebei Road was also greatly reduced.
The rulers also had Hebei Road.
After the Jin Dynasty, Hebei was no longer used as an administrative division word in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties for hundreds of years, but its humanistic spirit and historical connotation created in the Tang and Song Dynasties have been passed down by future generations and often taught by Hebei people today.
Here, perhaps you can quote Gu Zuyu again: Bazhou relies on the deep well to control the strategic location of Yinghai, acting as a town screen and connecting things ... The state is located between Kyrgyzstan and Fujian, which seems to be slow and realistic according to the situation in the Olympic Hall; Zhuozhou controls the risk of Xishan, according to the upstream trend ... especially for elbows and armpits; Baoding attaches great importance to the scenery of Shanxi, and rivers meet in the east ... In the contact list, I defend the capital and sincerely arrange it; It is the way of Liucheng to control the risk of Lulong in Jizhou. It is called an important place ... At that time, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and God were integrated into an organic whole. Today, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is inseparable from you, me and you.