(1) initial discovery stage: from 250 years before the foundation of geology to 1950s, the level of geological survey methods and geological mapping was not high, the understanding, description and record of ring structure were primitive, and the field of geological observation was limited. For concealed and semi-concealed circular structures, large-scale and small-scale cannot be found, and only the exposed surface and medium-scale circular structures can be described. Therefore, the drawing of ring structure is rough and the description of structural lithology is simple, and the display of single ring structure in regional space does not show its due scale. In geology, the nature and characteristics of ring structure and the relationship between folds and faults related to it are rarely discussed, let alone discussed and described in special papers.
(2) Detailed conventional description stage: In 1950s and 1970s, regional geological survey and geological mapping were carried out on a large scale. The global medium scale (1∶ 200,000 ~1∶ 250,000) has become an important basis for describing regional geological structures, and circular structures are generally valued, recorded and displayed. The ring structures of different scales are recorded in detail and comprehensively, and their geological composition and types are summarized and discussed. The circular intrusions, rock bells, rock cones, rock pipes and branches formed by magmatic intrusion, as well as ancient round blocks, metamorphic complex round cores, salt mounds and mud mounds formed by diapir, circular subvolcanic rocks, round reefs, sedimentary rock disks and round blocks formed by central volcanoes in sedimentary rock series are all described in detail. But at that time, all the discoveries were exposed on the surface, accounting for only about 10% of the annular structure of the lithosphere. Due to the low level of geological observation and geological map description at that time, the individual, shape and internal and external geological composition of the ring structure were not very realistic. Because the new data of the medium-scale regional geological map greatly supplements and modifies the small-scale regional geological map, the group distribution of the ring structure and its relationship with other peripheral geological structures have been fully demonstrated. The gravity, electromagnetism, radioactivity and chemical properties of ring structure are also shown in regional geophysical and geochemical exploration, so the investigation and study of ring structure are generally carried out. Different types of monographs summarize and discuss the circular structure. Such as vortex, column, lotus, rotating core and other structures. Due to the discovery of kimberlite-type rock pipe, it is proved that the rock pipe has strong explosion, impact and breakdown characteristics. Many new types of rock cones, necks and branches have also been discovered, such as carbonate cones, salt mounds and mud mounds.
In recent years, the Hebei-Shandong spiral structure in the core of North China block and the basic volcanic eruption structure in Emei mantle uplift area have gradually attracted people's attention. Lotus-like structure of Baiyun Mountain in Dalian, turbine structure of Dalong ore series in Tiefa, Liaoning, double-circle structure of Kenihe River in Wuhudu, Inner Mongolia, ring structure of Yong 'an, ring structure of Hengyang, and modern crustal torsion structure of Great Kanto Earthquake in Japan have also been deeply studied. William divided the ring fault structure into five types: ① volcanic ring collapse fault (including positive and negative different types of central ring swell structure, outcrop and concealed volcanic mechanism); ② Impact ring fracture; (3) radiation fracture system outside the ring (with tangent fracture system); (4) Buried annular fault (including descending and shrinking annular rock mass and following block, etc.). ); ⑤ Island arc vortex structures, such as banda sea, are widely distributed in submarine volcanoes and have many types.
In the process of mineral exploration, concealed and semi-concealed ring structures have also been discovered one after another. By the 1970s, the circular structures in the lithosphere discovered by conventional methods were estimated to account for only about 25% of the total, which was far from enough. Therefore, although the circular structure was described at this time, people did not form a new concept. Only when a large number of ring-shaped structures are discovered can we lay a foundation for the establishment of new geological structure theory (plates 1- 1,1-2,2-1,2-2,3-1,3-2,4-6544.
(3) The rising stage of ring structure, ring swell and deep source strong thermodynamic theory: Since the 1960s, the emergence of space-based remote sensing technology has brought a great turning point to earth science research. Space-based remote sensing technology has made tens of millions of macroscopic, vivid and true records on the earth's surface, provided a large number of digital images on a global scale, greatly revised and supplemented geologists' conventional understanding of the earth, and detailed and true information has caused a worldwide upsurge of re-understanding the earth. These records have tested and greatly supplemented regional geological maps of different scales, and many new earth science concepts have been born from the new height of global geological structure. It is found that there are a large number of dense circular geological structures from the earth's surface to the lithosphere, with different scales and diameters ranging from several meters to several Qian Qian meters. They overlap from generation to generation, interweave the old and the new, and form the main body of the earth, thus changing the traditional concept that the earth structure is mainly composed of plates and shells. It shows that the lithospheric mantle on the earth's surface, even if it is hundreds of kilometers deep, is not a plate-shell structure, but a densely overlapping cylindrical and radial rock tube and column. In ancient times, the thickness was small and the area was large, and in the later period, the diameter was small and the depth was large. This result greatly exceeds the expectation of conventional geology, so we have to re-examine the previous conclusions about the earth's geological structure with new ideas, which leads to the theoretical inference of "the structure of the earth's annular surge and the strong thermal dynamics of deep sources". In 1978, the author formally put forward this new theory of geological structure, edited and published the teaching material of the geological remote sensing training course (see the book Trace below), and began to study the earth's annular structure.
The Earth's Circumfluent Structure and Thermal Dynamics of Deep Source High Energy Strong Explosion
The Earth's Circumfluent Structure and Thermal Dynamics of Deep Source High Energy Strong Explosion
The Earth's Circumfluent Structure and Thermal Dynamics of Deep Source High Energy Strong Explosion
The Earth's Circumfluent Structure and Thermal Dynamics of Deep Source High Energy Strong Explosion
In the past 30 years, the author has given lectures and exchanges in different geological colleges and academic conferences, published relevant papers, carried out special research and compiled special geological maps with different scopes and scales. Cooperative discussion and special consultation with many geological institutions have achieved certain practical effects and theoretical development. Related content will be discussed and introduced in this book.
Here, I want to introduce an experience to illustrate the difficult process of this theory. When I participated in the compilation of the dictionary of earth sciences, I revised the interpretation of the circular surge structure in the remote sensing part for many times, namely:
[Circular image] Circular image is an image formed by curve trapping on remote sensing digital or analog images (plates 18-5, 18-6) such as aerial photos and satellite images, and it is circular, oval, concentric, intersecting, arranged or irregularly circular and broken.
[Image Circular Feature] The image circular feature is an image with obvious or fuzzy boundaries, intermittent extension, closed circle, near circle, ellipse, broken circle, concentric circle, intersecting circle, arranged circle or irregular circular curve displayed on remote sensing images such as aerial photography and satellite images. It covers the range and diameter from several meters to Qian Qian meters. Its boundary, color tone, shadow pattern, structure, landform and surface landscape features are obviously or implicitly different from the surrounding areas. Unique highland or low-lying land is often formed on circular images, and a ring, radial centripetal and vest-shaped gully system is developed. The characteristics of surface geological coverage and micro-geomorphology, soil and vegetation, water content and so on are also different from the surrounding areas. At the same time, there are many groups of structural cracks and fracture zones, such as circular ring, radial center and tangential periphery. These images all have specific geological structural significance (plates 8-2, 9-3 and 30-6).
[Circular structure] Circular structure is a large number of circular images and circular images revealed by remote sensing images, with different scales, dense arrangement and diverse distribution patterns. It is characterized by surface topography and geological landscape, such as circular hills, circular basins, circular depressions, circular mountains, circular cliffs, circular lakes, wetlands, circular radial ditch water system, circular soil, vegetation, topsoil dry, wet zone, circular geomorphic units, circular image belts and other surface landscapes and unique image light and dark structures. In addition, arc structures with regular edges are mostly the remnants of broken circular structures, which can be restored to the original circular image structure after repair. The shape of many large-scale circular artificial agriculture and forestry projects is often controlled by the background conditions of circular geological structure, so the observed circular images have certain geological structure significance. Therefore, the discovery and revelation of a large number of annular structural images is the contribution of remote sensing technology to the study of geological structures. A large number of remote sensing image information with complex types and interwoven structures have greatly expanded the cognitive horizon of geology, provided development prospects for expanding and deepening geological theoretical research and improving geological application benefits, and will gradually exert greater potential of remote sensing information. Circular structure is not only a common form of material force and energy movement and structure in the shallow lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere of the earth, but also a large number of craters, circular basins and vortices densely distributed in the stars of the moon, mercury, Venus and Mars. It is also of great scientific significance to study the comparative geology of alien celestial bodies and explore the astronomical and geological evolution of earth celestial bodies, solar system and even other celestial bodies. There are many types of annular geological structures, and the formation mechanism is also very complicated, which is a new field and breakthrough point of modern geological research (plates 32-8, 40- 1).
】 Ring structures are a large number of ring structures of different scales, types and generations, which are densely intertwined and distributed on the surface of the earth and even other stars. In the known interstellar space, circular geological structure is the most common, important and prominent form and structure of material force and energy movement. After the appearance of remote sensing technology, it has greatly expanded the revealing ability of circular geological structures, provided hundreds of times more image information than circular, vortex, circular block and circular arc structures recorded and described in previous geological documents and maps, greatly expanded the basic information of geological research, and will surely lead to the significant development of geological structure theory. At present, the types of circular geological structures observed are: circular crustal block, circular crystalline basement, fractured embryonic crustal block, circular metamorphic rock, intrusive dome, circular intrusive body and magmatic dome, central volcano, subvolcanic mechanism, rock pile, rock pipe, rock neck, circular plate, circular mountain plain, subsidence area, sedimentation, annular fold of caprock, dome, salt dome and its circular bottom. There are many hypotheses about the formation of ring structure, including traditional intrusive rocks, volcanoes, shallow hard core twists and turns, eddies, extrusion and erosion of surrounding blocks, etc. Others believe that it was formed by the impact of meteorites. The latest theory is that it originated in the deep part of the earth, mainly the magma formed by extremely high thermonuclear explosions in the upper mantle and lower crust, the mantle plume rushing to the crust, and the super-strong cross-layer structure formed by columnar channels. Strong thermonuclear explosions at different depths of the earth form huge impacts, penetrations and ejections, triggering volcanoes and earthquakes, pushing magma (including high-intensity thermal turbulence, eddy currents, solid rocks, liquids and gases) to different parts of the lithosphere, triggering a series of strong impacts of materials and heat energy, forming columnar (cylindrical) geological structural channels of different generations, staying in different parts of the lithosphere, and controlling all geological processes of the middle and shallow crust, including magma. This kind of turbulent flow of penetrating ultra-high explosive thermal substances from the deep plays a leading role in the whole process of geological evolution in and around this circle, including magmatic intrusion, volcanic eruption, accumulation of endogenous minerals, various geological tectonic movements, sedimentation-metamorphism, formation of exogenous minerals and shaping of the overall geological structure. At the same time, it also caused disasters such as earthquake, tsunami, strong underground explosion, drought and flood, extreme heat-low temperature, strong wind, heavy rain, lightning and magnetic storm, terrestrial light, jet of special particles and changes in ecological environment. It has become a super-strong thermal chain that runs through the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmospheric ecosystem, and directs the whole process of comprehensive geological processes. Since the ring structure was revealed by remote sensing, the causes of geological elements have been integrated and displayed through relevant logic, which has aroused great concern of geologists, and can also be applied to the research fields of ocean, meteorology, ecological environment, disaster science and so on (plates 18-5, 28-9, 28-1,28-/kloc)
According to its spatial scale, the ring structure can be divided into: intercontinental level, including: ① > 5000 km (such as the Great Circle of West Asia, with a diameter of 6300km), ② 3000 ~ 5000 km, ③1500 ~ 3000 km; Regional level, including: ④ 1000 ~ 1500 km, ⑤ 500 ~ 1000 km, ⑤ 250 ~ 500km; Bid level, including: ⑦ 200 ~ 250km, ⑧ 150 ~ 200km, ⑨100 ~ ⑧150 ~ 200km; Sectional level, including: ⑩ 50 ~ 100 km, (1 1)30~50km,? ( 12) 10 ~ 30k m； Small batch level, including:? ( 13)5~ 10km，？ ( 14)3~5km，？ ( 15) 1 ~ 3km； Local level, including: (16) 0.5 ~ 1 km, (17)? 0. 1~0.5km，( 18)？ 0.05~0. 1km，( 19)？ 0.0 1~0.05km，？ (20)0.005 ~ 0.0 1 km, (2 1)? < 0.005 km. According to its structural level, it is divided into three levels: cluster, series and individual. According to geological structure, it can be divided into 16 type. According to the evolutionary process, it is divided into 8 generations. It can form a naming and coding system including the classification of nature, scale, generation and structure, longitude and latitude of the center, place names, etc., and can quickly register and describe large-scale ring structures, mark relevant geological maps, supplement and modify them at any time, establish a thematic database, and enter a large-scale system for retrieval, analysis and application.
Generally, the arc structure can be reduced to a circular pattern and analyzed according to the circular structure.
[Circular structure] Circular structure is also called ring structure. It is a common structural form on the surface of the earth and other planets. In the crust, it is characterized by a nearly circular tectonic belt, which can usually be clearly shown in satellite photos. The ring structure has various causes, which may be the product of intense thermodynamic stamping and torsion in the deep crust (with obvious circular, annular and arc boundaries); It may also be the remains of meteorite impact in the early geological history; Some may be outcrops or hidden boundaries of intrusive rocks; Some can be the borders of great basin. The ring structure in the plain area may also be caused by the rapid change of groundwater level.
Look at such a simple geological concept, but it has been revised many times.
Back to the topic, the following are the basic concepts and theoretical models of upwelling structure on the earth and the thermodynamics of deep-source high-energy and strong explosion. The figure 1- 1 shows the whole dynamic geological structure including the core, mantle and crust. Driven by ultra-hot nuclear power, the material in the deep part of the earth is rapidly ejected in the form of explosion and impacts the shallow part. The formation of a strong thermal center may last for a long geological age, and after a violent upwelling, it can enter the "dormant" stage. In the form of a single group, a circular surge structure broke out, which went deep into the middle and shallow layers of the earth and became the main system of the earth's tectonic movement.
Fig. 1- 1 Overall schematic diagram of tectonic dynamics of deep-source high-intensity explosion (surge) on the earth (Mesozoic and Cenozoic)
Figure 1-2a is the internal thermodynamic distribution of deep-source high-intensity thermal explosion (surge), and figure 1-2b is a part of the surge structure. Figure 1-3 shows the overall structural dynamics of a deep-source high-intensity explosion center, starting from the root, passing through the earth, continental crust, ocean floor, ocean and atmospheric ecosystem.
Thermonuclear explosions do not always occur in the mantle zone, but also in the crust-mantle boundary, or even in the lithosphere or the crust core. The focal depth of earthquakes and volcanoes observed at present indicates the depth of underground strong explosion and tremor, and the high temperature, high pressure and low speed points that produce tremor may be distributed at different depths underground, so it is not possible to generalize the circular surge structure only by mantle thermonuclear. The strong underground vibration is not only wide in space, but also high in frequency. The frequency of volcanic eruptions measured by modern seismographs is 5 million times/year, of which human beings can perceive no less than 2000-3000 times/year, and strong earthquakes can experience 200-300 times/year. If the ocean area can also be observed, its total frequency may be greatly increased. Some surface tremors may be very weak, which does not mean that those earthquakes and explosions are not necessarily strong, but the distance is too far. This fully shows that the earth we live in is still a young star, and it is often in an active state of tremor and expansion.
Strong earthquakes, volcanoes and ground explosions experienced by human beings in history have not caused obvious structural deformation of the earth's geological structure. To form such an obvious and dense ring surge, there must be earth-shaking tectonic movements and environmental and ecological disasters, and its energy is 2-5 orders of magnitude higher than that of the strongest volcano, earthquake and ground explosion currently calibrated. This ultra-high-energy heat from point source-deep-source ultra-high-energy strong explosive thermal power from circular surge structure reshapes the internal and external structure of the earth and is the most real power source of the earth at present.
These new ideas about geodynamics will be discussed in detail in later chapters of this book.
Figure 1-2 Schematic diagram of circular surge structure
Figure 1-3 Deep-source strong thermal explosion center, submarine volcanic mineralization (including oil and gas), vertical dynamic cross-layer circulating surge chain of environmental disasters (geological chimney)